The global prevalence of Giardia infection in horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Authors: Mizani Azadeh, Taherkhani Parastoo, Kia Lashaki Elham, Hosseini Seyed Abdollah, Basirpour Bahareh, Dodangeh Samira
Journal: Journal of equine veterinary science
Summary
# Editorial Summary: Global Giardia Prevalence in Horses Giardia duodenalis represents a significant zoonotic concern in equine populations, yet its true prevalence globally has remained poorly characterised until now. Researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 studies published through December 2023, synthesising data on infection rates across continents, age groups, and diagnostic methodologies to establish a robust evidence base for the condition. The pooled global prevalence of giardiasis in horses was estimated at 8.93% (95% CI 5.98–12.42%), with marked geographical variation—Europe showing the highest prevalence at 12.24% whilst no cases were documented in African studies—and notably higher infection rates in horses under three years of age. Immunological assays detected infection most frequently (9.24%), with assemblage B identified as the predominant genotype, followed by assemblages A and E, suggesting distinct strain circulation patterns. These findings underscore the need for age-targeted screening protocols in younger stock, region-specific management strategies, and consideration of zoonotic transmission risk, particularly given the widespread use of horses in both agricultural and recreational settings where exposure to infected animals poses a public health dimension alongside equine welfare concerns.
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Practical Takeaways
- •Young horses (<3 years) are at higher risk of Giardia infection and may warrant closer monitoring and targeted control measures on farms
- •Giardia is a zoonotic parasite; managing horse infection is important for both equine health and public health, particularly on farms and recreational facilities
- •Immunological assays and molecular methods can detect infection; choose diagnostic approach based on available resources and clinical context
Key Findings
- •Global pooled prevalence of Giardia infection in horses is 8.93% (95% CI 5.98–12.42%)
- •Prevalence varies significantly by continent, with Europe highest at 12.24% and Africa at 0%
- •Horses younger than 3 years show significantly higher prevalence of giardiasis than older horses
- •Assemblage B is the most common genotype in infected horses, followed by assemblages A and E