Clinical signs, clinical pathology and outcomes in horses infected naturally with equine encephalosis virus.
Authors: Piketh Graeme, Viljoen Adrienne, Eberhardt Christina
Journal: Equine veterinary journal
Summary
# Editorial Summary: Equine Encephalosis Virus in Naturally Infected Horses Equine encephalosis, an Orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides midges and related to African horse sickness and Bluetongue, presents a clinically significant disease in horses whilst remaining subclinical in donkeys and zebras, with its geographic range—currently documented in Southern Africa, the Middle East and India—potentially expanding northward as climate conditions shift. Piketh and colleagues characterised the clinical presentation, laboratory findings and outcomes in naturally infected horses, providing essential data for practitioners in endemic and at-risk regions. Specific clinical signs, haematological and biochemical abnormalities, and case outcomes are detailed, allowing practitioners to recognise the disease and understand its pathophysiology better. The work underscores the importance of vector surveillance and biosecurity protocols, particularly as warming temperatures may facilitate Culicoides range expansion and the consequent risk of European incursion. For farriers, veterinarians and other equine professionals, this research reinforces the need for heightened awareness of emerging vector-borne threats and the value of maintaining diagnostic vigilance in at-risk populations, even as climate-driven disease redistribution remains an evolving threat.
Read the full abstract on PubMed
Practical Takeaways
- •Equine practitioners in endemic regions (Southern Africa, Middle East, India) should maintain awareness of equine encephalosis as a differential diagnosis in neurological cases, particularly during vector season
- •Climate monitoring and epidemiological surveillance are important for early detection of potential geographic expansion into previously unaffected regions like Europe
- •Vector control measures targeting Culicoides midges may help reduce disease transmission risk in affected areas
Key Findings
- •Equine encephalosis virus is an Orbivirus similar to African horse sickness and Bluetongue viruses, transmitted by Culicoides midges
- •While the virus can infect horses, donkeys and zebras, only horses develop clinical disease
- •The vector distribution is climate-dependent with circulation documented in Southern Africa, Middle East and India
- •Global warming may facilitate expansion of vector distribution with potential for European spread