Anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: study by gross dissection, vascular injection and section.
Authors: Rodríguez M J, Agut A, Gil F, Latorre R
Journal: Equine veterinary journal
Summary
# Editorial Summary: Anatomy of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has received surprisingly limited anatomical documentation in equine literature, despite its critical role in mastication and its potential involvement in performance-related dysfunction. Rodriguez and colleagues performed a comprehensive gross anatomical examination of the TMJ in 12 equidae using dissection, synovial and vascular injection techniques, and serial sectioning with plastination to map the joint's microarchitecture and relationships to surrounding structures. The research revealed distinct rostral and caudal compartments within both dorsal and ventral synovial pouches, identified the lateral and caudal ligamentous structures, and documented precise muscle attachments—whilst also establishing direct anatomical relationships between the TMJ and ear components, a finding paralleling human anatomy. For practitioners involved in diagnosing oral and facial dysfunction, understanding this detailed anatomy is essential for correctly interpreting imaging studies (radiographs, ultrasound, CT) and recognising pathological changes that might manifest as performance issues, behavioural problems during ridden work, or abnormal chewing patterns. This anatomical foundation enables farriers, veterinarians, and physiotherapists to better conceptualise how TMJ dysfunction might contribute to asymmetrical loading patterns, bridle sensitivity, or compensatory movement through the neck and poll.
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Practical Takeaways
- •Understanding normal TMJ anatomy is essential for correctly interpreting diagnostic imaging (radiographs, ultrasound, CT) and identifying pathological changes in cases of jaw dysfunction or pain
- •The intimate relationship between the TMJ and ear structures means that TMJ problems may present with ear-related signs, and vice versa — consider this in differential diagnosis
- •Knowledge of TMJ vascular anatomy and muscle attachments helps practitioners recognize pain referral patterns and anatomical constraints when treating horses with mastication problems
Key Findings
- •The equine TMJ contains rostral and caudal compartments in both dorsal and ventral synovial pouches with distinct lateral and caudal ligaments
- •Direct anatomical relationships exist between the TMJ and components of the ear, similar to humans
- •The TMJ has its own peripheral vascular supply with documented attachments of masticatory muscles over the joint