Chronic Laminitis: What the Research Says
Evidence from 49 peer-reviewed studies
10 Cohort Study
22 Case Report
15 Expert Opinion
2 Thesis
What Professionals Should Know
- •Pergolide provides sustained clinical improvement in most PPID cases, but owners should expect variable endocrine normalization and not assume test results will remain normal long-term.
- •Initial dosing strategy can be effective long-term in many horses without automatic escalation; monitor clinical response rather than routinely increasing dose.
- •PPID-affected horses remain at significant risk for chronic laminitis complications requiring euthanasia, necessitating comprehensive management beyond pergolide alone.
- •Chronic laminitis cases warrant thoracolumbar spine assessment as secondary injury is common—consider ultrasound screening to identify lesions affecting performance or recovery
- •The pain and postural changes from forelimb laminitis create significant secondary strain on the thoracolumbar region; this underscores the importance of aggressive laminitis management to prevent cascade injuries
- •Clinical examination protocols like MACCTORE can identify spine involvement without advanced imaging; integrate targeted spine palpation and pain scoring into laminitis case workups
- •Broken back hoof-pastern axis (67% prevalence) is extremely common in South African endurance horses and warrants farriery and management attention; practitioners should consider early intervention strategies
- •MCP joint osteoarthritis (28% prevalence) is a significant concern in endurance athletes; radiographic evaluation of these joints may be warranted in lameness investigations
- •Do not rely solely on hoof-distal-phalanx ratio as a diagnostic indicator of chronic laminitis in endurance horses; clinical signs and additional imaging must be considered
- •Shoeing and support strategies for laminitic horses should prioritize support of the caudal and middle hoof regions to reduce peak pressure concentration in these areas during break-over
- •Recognizing the delayed peak loading in the toe during break-over in laminitic horses can guide farrier decisions about rocker placement and break-over location
- •Laminitic horses show consistent load redistribution patterns regardless of whether they are in acute recovery or chronic phase, suggesting therapeutic support strategies should remain consistent across both stages
- •Quantitative hoof tester assessment provides an objective, reproducible method to measure pain sensitivity in laminitic horses and track treatment response
- •The substantial difference in HCTs between laminitic and normal horses (approximately 50% lower) suggests this tool could help clinicians objectively evaluate laminitis severity and treatment efficacy
- •Further development toward clinical simplification is needed, but this method shows promise for monitoring individual horses during laminitis management without relying solely on subjective lameness assessment
- •Inflammatory cell infiltration (neutrophils/monocytes) and endogenous enzyme dysregulation may require different therapeutic targets, not a single anti-inflammatory approach
- •Variability in MMP profiles among laminitic horses could inform prognosis and treatment planning, potentially distinguishing different disease subtypes
- •Understanding that MMP dysregulation occurs independently of inflammation suggests some cases may benefit from enzyme-modulating therapies even when systemic inflammation is controlled
- •Microscopic laminar damage occurs before visible basement membrane separation and before clinical lameness appears, meaning early intervention before visible signs may be possible
- •Horses can experience repeated episodes of damage without showing lameness; subclinical laminitis risk should inform nutritional management and carbohydrate control strategies
- •Chronic structural changes in the foot may develop silently from repeated subclinical episodes, emphasizing the critical importance of preventing carbohydrate overload even when the horse shows no acute symptoms
- •Egg bar-heart bar shoeing is an evidence-based corrective technique that improves blood flow to the dorsal laminar region in chronic laminitis cases
- •Pre-treatment scintigraphic assessment can help identify which laminitic horses are likely to respond well to corrective shoeing, allowing better prognostic discussions with owners
- •While coronary grooving does improve hoof wall growth distribution, it does not add additional perfusion benefits beyond egg bar-heart bar shoeing alone
- •DDF tenotomy offers a viable surgical option for chronic laminitis cases that have failed medical management, with reasonable long-term survival rates (59% at 2 years)
- •Initial lameness severity and radiographic rotation severity should not discourage consideration of this procedure, as they do not predict outcome
- •Some horses may return to light riding work post-operatively, and owner satisfaction is relatively high, making this worth discussing as a salvage option
- •Detomidine offers a pharmacological option for managing chronic hoof pain in laminitic horses, with clinically meaningful analgesia lasting approximately one hour at therapeutic doses
- •The 40 µg/kg dose provides superior pain relief but practitioners should consider individual horse response; 20 µg/kg may offer adequate analgesia with potentially fewer side effects
- •Detomidine administration should be timed to coincide with necessary therapeutic procedures or farriery work to maximize benefit during the 25-55 minute window of peak analgesic effect
- •Chronic laminitis requires a systematic diagnostic and treatment protocol including clinical exam, imaging, and identification of underlying metabolic or systemic causes—not just symptomatic hoof care
- •Diet modification (reduction of concentrates) and increased natural exercise on varied terrain are critical for managing weight and glucose metabolism; monitor blood glucose daily during recovery
- •Successful outcomes depend on close farrier-veterinarian collaboration and owner commitment; ensure clients understand that hoof care alone without addressing underlying risk factors will fail
- •Chronic laminitis cases may recover to functional athletic status with aggressive multimodal analgesia (phenylbutazone + gabapentin + amitriptyline) combined with corrective farriery and orthopedic support
- •High-roughage diet (grass-based) should be prioritized during laminitis recovery alongside pharmaceutical and mechanical interventions
- •Regular corrective trimming with appropriate hoof support (heart-shaped shoes, orthopedic boots) is essential for pain relief and structural stabilization in rotational laminitis cases
- •Consider horizontal-bar shoes with epoxy sole filling as a lower-cost alternative for chronic laminitis management, particularly when conventional heart-shaped shoes fail
- •Aggressive corrective trimming (removing heels, lowering dorsal wall, realigning distal phalanx) combined with appropriate shoeing can yield rapid clinical improvement even in severe cases with sole perforation
- •Maintain strict 30-45 day trimming and shoeing intervals to ensure long-term success and return to athletic function in laminitis cases
- •Consider long-term confined sand bedding (minimum 20 weeks) as an alternative management strategy for chronically laminitic horses that fail to improve with conventional trimming and shoeing
- •Monitor sole depth progression from 8 weeks onward as a clinical indicator of hoof remodeling; heel depth changes may lag behind sole depth changes
- •Sand bedding confinement may reduce pain and allow natural hoof remodeling in cases where therapeutic shoeing has aggravated lameness, particularly in horses with poor hoof quality
- •Horses on long-term drug regimens for chronic conditions may develop adverse reactions; consider complementary therapies like Tui-na and food therapy if conventional treatments become poorly tolerated.
- •TCVM offers multiple treatment options beyond acupuncture and herbal medicine; Tui-na massage may be safer and more acceptable for fractious or painful geriatric horses.
- •PPID can potentially be managed through dietary intervention alone in some cases, though this requires careful monitoring of ACTH levels and should be done under professional guidance.
- •A new objective pain assessment tool combining behaviour and facial expressions has been developed for chronic pain in horses, though further validation is needed before clinical adoption
- •Behavioural observations are more reliable than facial expression assessment alone for identifying chronic pain in horses
- •This scale may help standardise chronic pain evaluation across different horses and conditions, potentially improving welfare assessment and treatment decisions
- •Ozone therapy administered at multiple anatomical points (pre-scapular, scapular, post-scapular, acupuncture LI11) combined with ozonized footbaths may provide alternative pain management for chronic laminitis when conventional NSAIDs are insufficient
- •This single case showed clinical improvement in lameness grade and body condition, but the evidence is very limited—requires larger controlled studies before routine clinical recommendation
- •Consider ozone therapy only as adjunctive or alternative therapy when working with chronic laminitis cases resistant to standard analgesic protocols; maintain concurrent hoof care and trimming
- •Ad-MSC therapy may offer a complementary option for chronic laminitis cases already on standard realignment protocols, with measurable improvements in blood flow and hoof-bone relationships
- •Regional infusions must be performed on each affected limb individually—systemic or single-limb treatment will not benefit contralateral hooves
- •This therapy appears most suitable for horses with stable chronic laminitis; results suggest combining regional perfusion with farriery-based realignment strategies may optimize outcomes
- •Identify and eliminate modifiable risk factors—particularly excessive grain/lush pasture feeding, unnecessary corticosteroid use, and poor farriery—as these are common preventable causes of laminitis in working horses
- •Use Obel grading and clinical signs (digital pulse, hoof heat, lameness pattern) to assess severity; monitor vital signs and hoof condition closely as acute cases show marked systemic inflammation
- •Recognize that coagulation abnormalities occur in acute laminitis; combined with elevated inflammatory markers (haptoglobin, MMP-2), these suggest significant endothelial and systemic compromise requiring aggressive supportive care
- •Ozonetherapy via hyperperfusion (ozonized saline or autohemotherapy) showed substantial lameness reduction in severely affected chronic laminitis cases when administered as a weekly protocol over 4 weeks
- •Single-session treatments were ineffective; commitment to a 4-week treatment schedule appears necessary for clinical benefit
- •This small case series suggests ozonetherapy may be worth investigating further as an adjunct or alternative to conventional chronic laminitis management, though larger controlled trials are needed before drawing firm conclusions
- •Regenerative therapy combining aMSCs and PRP administered via digital vein injection may offer a viable option for horses with chronic laminitis refractory to conventional treatments, though evidence remains limited to this single proof-of-concept case series
- •The protocol showed no safety concerns in this small cohort, but larger controlled trials are needed before recommending this approach as standard practice
- •Venography proved useful for documenting vascular changes and may be a relevant monitoring tool if this therapy is pursued experimentally
- •10 mg/kg oral tramadol twice daily appears more effective for chronic laminitis pain than 5 mg/kg, producing meaningful reduction in weight-shifting behavior without apparent adverse physiological effects
- •This dosage regimen may be considered as part of a multimodal pain management strategy for chronic laminitis cases where traditional options are inadequate
- •Oral tramadol at therapeutic doses does not appear to compromise cardiovascular or gastrointestinal function in laminitic horses, supporting safety for longer-term use
- •Chronic laminitis may be associated with disrupted hindgut bacterial communities; consider microbiota assessment and management in laminitis cases
- •Maintaining healthy gut bacterial diversity through appropriate nutrition and management may help prevent or manage laminitis
- •Fecal microbiota analysis could become a diagnostic tool to identify dysbiosis-related laminitis risk in at-risk horses
- •Loss of stem cell regulation via p63 downregulation may be a key mechanism in chronic laminitis development, suggesting future therapeutic targets beyond current management approaches
- •Autologous transplantation of p63-positive stem cells harvested from healthy hoof tissue could potentially offer regenerative treatment for chronic laminitis cases
- •Understanding that laminitic hooves have reduced capacity for normal epidermal renewal supports the importance of early intervention and prevention strategies to maintain healthy lamellar tissue
- •When hoof pain doesn't respond to NSAIDs alone, evaluate for concurrent neuropathic pain and use multimodal protocols combining anti-inflammatory and neuropathic agents
- •Implement composite pain scoring (observational + physiological + interactive signs) to track treatment response more reliably than relying on single pain indicators
- •In severe hoof cases with wound complications, consider adding ketamine, gabapentin, or local anaesthetic blocks alongside traditional analgesia
- •Laminitic claw horn has reduced mechanical strength across all regions, making affected claws more susceptible to further damage and requiring modified trimming and management approaches.
- •The loss of correlation between elasticity and dry matter content suggests that standard horn moisture assessment cannot predict mechanical properties in laminitic claws, necessitating different diagnostic approaches.
- •Changes to claw horn quality in chronic laminitis are driven by dermal pathology rather than moisture imbalance, indicating that management strategies should focus on treating underlying inflammatory changes rather than attempting to restore horn moisture levels.
- •These immunohistochemical markers provide a way to diagnose and monitor changes in laminar tissue quality and keratinocyte viability in laminitic horses
- •The replacement of specialized keratinocytes with fibrous scar tissue in chronic laminitis indicates irreversible structural damage and may inform prognosis
- •Understanding keratinocyte loss mechanisms could guide future therapeutic interventions targeting prevention of laminar cell death during acute laminitis
- •MR imaging reveals soft tissue pathology in chronic laminitis (laminar damage, fluid, gas) that standard radiographs miss—consider MR when radiographs appear inconclusive or progression seems unexplained
- •Distal phalanx rotation, displacement distance, and hoof wall thickness are measurable biomarkers of chronic laminitis severity that can be quantified on MR images for monitoring disease progression
- •MR imaging should be used alongside radiography for comprehensive assessment of chronic laminitis cases, especially when planning farriery interventions or evaluating prognosis
- •Transdermal GTN patches applied to the pastern offer a non-invasive method to improve hoof perfusion and reduce lameness in acute laminitis cases
- •GTN treatment addresses the microvascular insufficiency underlying laminitis by enhancing nitric oxide-mediated blood flow
- •This approach may benefit both acutely laminitic and chronically affected horses and ponies as an adjunctive therapy
- •Vascular perfusion assessment can help differentiate treatable chronic laminitis cases from those likely to be refractory, improving prognosis and management planning
- •Sinker development and solar circulatory compromise occur more frequently than clinical observation alone suggests, warranting aggressive early intervention
- •Understanding the specific circulatory defects present in an individual horse may guide targeted therapeutic approaches to improve vascular supply
- •Insulin insensitivity in laminitic ponies suggests metabolic dysfunction may be involved in laminitis pathogenesis; insulin tolerance testing could help identify at-risk horses
- •The exaggerated blood pressure response to insulin in laminitic ponies indicates possible cardiovascular or autonomic nervous system involvement in the condition
- •Consider metabolic assessment and insulin sensitivity evaluation in horses with chronic or recurrent laminitis to inform management and prevention strategies
- •Angiographic findings reveal that chronic laminitis fundamentally disrupts the normal microvasculature of the foot; understanding these vascular changes can help inform treatment approaches focused on restoring circulation
- •The presence of avascular areas in chronic laminitis feet suggests compromised tissue perfusion that may explain prolonged healing and recurrent episodes
- •Recognition of abnormal vessel tortuosity and poor arch filling on angiography provides objective diagnostic confirmation of chronic laminitis when clinical signs are ambiguous
- •Screen donkeys for metabolic disorders early, especially obese individuals and those with recurrent laminitis, using baseline insulin and ACTH, then dynamic tests if results are borderline
- •Be aware that donkey-specific diagnostic thresholds differ from horses—consult current donkey reference ranges rather than equine cut-off values when interpreting hormone tests
- •Expect PPID prevalence in aged donkeys; monitor for classic signs (hypertrichosis, regional adiposity, laminitis, weight loss) and use appropriate dynamic testing for diagnosis
- •Acupuncture may be a useful complementary treatment option for chronic laminitis in horses, showing statistically significant improvements in objective lameness measures
- •Consider acupuncture as part of a multimodal treatment approach rather than as a standalone therapy for laminitic horses
- •Objective lameness assessment tools (inertial sensors) can help quantify response to acupuncture treatment in chronic laminitis cases
- •Recognition of lamellar wedge pathology should inform your foot management strategy in chronic laminitis cases, as it directly impacts functional recovery
- •Farriers and veterinarians should work together on preventive foot care approaches, as managing the development of this structure before it fully forms may improve prognosis
- •Understanding how lamellar wedge affects foot mechanics is critical for setting realistic performance expectations and recovery timelines with horse owners
- •When chronic laminitis causes coronary swelling, drainage, or separation from the capsule, strategic partial upper wall resection is needed to relieve soft-tissue compression and restore circulation
- •Wall resection works best in cases where underlying pathology is manageable; monitor for successful reepithelialisation and tubular horn regrowth as indicators of recovery
- •Post-resection management critically includes firm bandaging and exercise restriction until new tubular horn is fully established to ensure a strong, attached hoof wall
- •Recognize that home management of chronic laminitis involves more than medical/farriery protocols—veterinarians must address owner education, financial constraints, and emotional burden to optimize outcomes
- •Develop individualized home care plans that integrate medical management, trimming/shoeing strategies, and practical support systems tailored to each owner's capabilities and resources
- •Acknowledge the psychological and financial toll of chronic laminitis management on owners and provide appropriate guidance and realistic expectations to improve compliance and horse welfare
- •Venography provides a useful adjunct to routine radiography for assessing vascular changes in laminitis cases and can guide treatment decisions
- •Serial venograms allow you to objectively monitor whether therapeutic interventions (farriery techniques, surgery, shoeing) are improving vascular perfusion in the digit
- •Understanding the progressive venographic changes in laminitis helps correlate imaging findings with clinical severity and prognosis
- •Develop individualized foot management plans based on structural assessment and rehabilitation potential rather than applying a single treatment protocol to all chronic laminitis cases
- •Understand the biomechanical forces and normal anatomy of the digit to predict how diseased feet will respond differently to standard corrective forces
- •Realistic outcome expectations range from return to athletic work to pasture soundness to palliative care, depending on extent of structural damage
- •Do not expect substantial clinical improvement in lameness severity within the first 7 days after applying therapeutic shoes for chronic laminitis—longer observation periods are needed
- •Assessment of therapeutic shoeing effectiveness should incorporate additional parameters beyond lameness grading, such as comfort indicators and load distribution changes
- •Standard therapeutic shoes tested here (egg-bar, heart-bar, digital support) did not provide rapid relief, suggesting chronic laminitis management requires longer-term intervention strategies
- •Understanding the four phases of laminitis progression helps determine appropriate timing for transitioning from acute to chronic management protocols
- •Chronic laminitis treatment strategies differ significantly from acute phase management, requiring a shift in therapeutic focus after the initial 2-4 week period
- •Early recognition of progression to chronic phase allows practitioners to implement longer-term treatment strategies appropriate for sustained hoof healing and support
- •Improved understanding of laminitis mechanisms will lead to better preventive and therapeutic strategies, ultimately reducing laminitis impact
- •The asymptomatic developmental phase presents a significant clinical challenge—focus on risk factor management and monitoring in susceptible horses
- •Subacute and chronic laminitis management will remain problematic without earlier detection methods; long-term case management strategies are essential for practice planning
- •Do not rely solely on physical examination or radiographs to predict recovery outcomes in chronic laminitis cases—deeper structural damage may persist despite normal appearance
- •Expect residual anatomic defects even in horses that appear to recover well, which may affect long-term performance and soundness
- •Understand that the diversity of laminitis presentations requires individualized assessment of pathology beyond standard diagnostic imaging
- •Managing chronic laminitis requires addressing the foot's mechanical stability alongside metabolic and circulatory support—treating structural collapse alone will likely fail
- •Recognize that secondary changes in blood flow, metabolism, and tissue growth cascade from mechanical failure and must be part of your rehabilitation strategy
- •Current understanding of failed foot biomechanics is incomplete; stay informed as new research emerges to refine treatment approaches
- •High-dose ketoprofen (3.63 mg/kg) may provide superior pain relief in horses with chronic laminitis compared to standard phenylbutazone dosing
- •Consider that higher ketoprofen dosing maintains analgesic effects into the 24-hour period, potentially improving management of chronic hoof pain
- •When selecting NSAIDs for chronic laminitis cases, ketoprofen at elevated doses warrants consideration, though safety profile at 1.65× recommended dose should be evaluated before clinical adoption
- •Mid-metacarpal DDFT tenotomy may provide rapid pain relief in severe refractory laminitis cases, but should be considered a short-term salvage procedure rather than a curative treatment
- •Improved early clinical signs should not be interpreted as prognostic for long-term survival or return to function—counsel clients accordingly
- •High post-operative mortality (70% within 6 months) limits clinical utility; use only when conventional management has failed and humane euthanasia alternatives are being considered
- •Acute laminitis treatment should focus on restoring microcirculation and preventing thrombosis in the foot corium to avoid chronic complications
- •Consider heparin anticoagulation therapy early in acute laminitis cases to manage corium thrombosis
- •Alpha-receptor blockers may help improve distal limb blood flow when used alongside conventional anti-inflammatory protocols in acute laminitis
- •The REFP shoe design effectively reduces hoof wall loading and promotes palmar movement of P3 at therapeutic pressures, which may benefit laminitic cases, but pressures must be carefully calibrated to individual pain tolerance
- •A therapeutic frog pressure of 7 N-cm appears safe for clinical use, but higher pressures significantly alter load distribution—application should be gradually increased while monitoring for pain response
- •Shoeing itself increases hoof wall compression compared to unshod state, so farriers should consider minimalist approaches in laminitis cases where frog support mechanisms are prioritized
- •Assess hoof balance geometrically first from four perspectives, then adjust trim for individual conformation and movement patterns
- •Use heart bar shoes with frog pressure support to restore circulation in cases of chronic imbalance or laminitis rather than relying on standard shoeing alone
- •Trim hooves to achieve a coronary border parallel to ground with the dorsal hoof-pastern axis perpendicular to ground to preserve arteriovenous anastomoses function
Key Research Findings
Long-term pergolide treatment produced clinical improvement in nearly all PPID-affected equids over the 14-year study period.
Endocrine test results normalized in 75% of surviving equids after 5.5 years but declined to normal in only 2 of 6 (33%) after 9.5 years of treatment.
Seven of 13 equids initially receiving 2 µg/kg required dose escalation to 4 µg/kg between 1.7–4.7 years, while others maintained response at initial dosage.
Median survival time was 3.6 years (range 0.6–10.5 years); five equids died and 24 were euthanized, with five euthanized specifically for chronic laminitis.
Horses with chronic laminitis showed significantly higher thoracolumbar spine injury scores on clinical examination (11.7 vs 4.2, p<0.0001) compared to non-laminitic controls
Laminitic horses had 14-fold higher prevalence of ultrasound-detected thoracolumbar spine lesions (CI: 4.4–50.6, p<0.0001)
Pain manifestation markers including Grimace Scale and heart rate were significantly elevated in laminitic horses (p<0.0001)
The MACCTORE scoring system and ultrasonographic examination successfully detected spine injuries associated with postural adaptation in chronic laminitis
95% of endurance horses showed bilateral dorsopalmar hoof imbalance and 91% had digital axis deviation
Extended proximal interphalangeal joints (broken back conformation) were present in 67% of horses, the most common abnormality
Metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis was present in 28% of horses, with 10% bilateral involvement
Hoof-distal-phalanx ratio >25% was present in 86% of horses but did not correlate with chronic laminitis signs, questioning its reliability as a laminitis indicator in this population
Peak toe loading occurs during midstance in sound horses (76% of stance) but shifts to break-over in laminitic horses (89% of stance)
Relative vertical force in the toe is significantly higher in sound horses (46%) compared to acute laminitis (29%) and chronic laminitis (32%)
Load distribution shifts from toe region to middle hoof region in laminitic horses, indicating compensatory loading patterns
Evidence Base
Long-Term Response of Equids With Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction to Treatment With Pergolide.
Schott Harold C, Strachota Julie R, Marteniuk Judith V et al. (2025) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Cohort Study
The Detection of Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries in Horses with Chronic Laminitis Using a Novel Clinical-Assessment Protocol and Ultrasonographic Examination.
Guedes Julia R B, Vendruscolo Cynthia P, Tokawa Paula K A et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Cohort Study
Prevalence of radiographic changes in forelimb digits and metacarpophalangeal joints of South African endurance racehorses.
Hollenbach, Robert, le Roux et al. (2022) — Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
Cohort Study
Hoof kinetic patterns differ between sound and laminitic horses.
Al Naem Mohamad, Litzke Lutz-Ferdinand, Failing Klaus et al. (2021) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Quantitative assessment of increased sensitivity of chronic laminitic horses to hoof tester evoked pain.
Viñuela-Fernandez I, Jones E, McKendrick I J et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Leukocyte-derived and endogenous matrix metalloproteinases in the lamellae of horses with naturally acquired and experimentally induced laminitis.
Loftus, Johnson, Belknap et al. (2009) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
Cohort Study
Submural histopathologic changes attributable to peracute laminitis in horses.
Morgan, Hood, Wagner et al. (2003) — American journal of veterinary research
Cohort Study
Digital perfusion, evaluated scintigraphically, and hoof wall growth in horses with chronic laminitis treated with egg bar-heart bar shoeing and coronary grooving.
Ritmeester, Blevins, Ferguson et al. (1999) — Equine veterinary journal. Supplement
Cohort Study
Deep digital flexor tenotomy as a treatment for chronic laminitis in horses: 35 cases (1988-1997).
Eastman, Honnas, Hague et al. (1999) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Cohort Study
Evaluation of detomidine-induced analgesia in horses with chronic hoof pain.
Owens, Kamerling, Stanton et al. (1996) — The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics
Cohort Study
Comprehensive Approach to Treatment of Chronic Laminitis in Ponies: A Clinical Case Report
M. V. Korobchuk, A. I. Karklin, O. V. Romanova et al. (2024) — Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology
Case Report
LAMINITE EM ÉGUA MANGALARGA MACHADOR ATENDIDA NO MUNICÍPIO DE GUIMARÂNIA - MG: relato de caso
Jhonathan Peres Hermenegildo, Jonathan de Oliveira Gonçalves, Paulo Rufino Paulino Vieira (2023) — Scientia Generalis
Case Report
Chronic Laminitis in a Horse - Treatment with Use of Horseshoe with Horizontal Cross and Epoxy Putty
L. Strugava, Jéssica do Rocio Janiszewski, A. Gomes et al. (2022) — Acta Scientiae Veterinariae
Case Report
The Use of Confined Housing in Sand Bedding and Trimming to Manage Phalangeal Rotation and Hoof Malconformation Over a 20-Week Period in Two Laminitic Stallions.
Wattanapornpilom Tanakorn, Pornprasitroj Phreuthi, Thongsri Kosin et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Case Report
Food Therapy and Tui-na to Treat Liver Qi Stagnation in A Wood Constitution Horse with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) and Arthritis
Villarroel Aurora (2022) — American Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine
Case Report
Objective Assessment of Chronic Pain in Horses Using the Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS): A Scale-Construction Study.
van Loon Johannes P A M, Macri Lucia (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Case Report
Use of ozone therapy to control chronic pain in equine laminitis. Case Report.
F. Silva, Eduardo Michelon Do Nascimento, Liliane Aparecida Oliveira De Paula et al. (2021) — Journal of Ozone Therapy
Case Report
RADIOGRAPHIC, VENOGRAPHIC AND HOOF GROWTH EVALUATIONS IN EQUINE FORELIMBS WITH CHRONIC LAMINITIS TREATED OR NOT WITH MESENQUIMAL STEM CELLS DERIVED FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE
A. S. Oliveira, C. Paz, M. Lima et al. (2021) — Cytotherapy
Case Report
Clinical, hemato-biochemical studies of equine laminitis in horses in Mosul
K. Alsaad, A. Abdul-Hameed (2020) — Iraqi journal of Veterinary Sciences
Case Report
Ozonetherapy for equine laminitis [abstract]
Eduardo Flores-Colin, S. Gayon-Amaro (2019)
Case Report
Show 29 more references
The Contribution of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma to the Treatment of Chronic Equine Laminitis: A Proof of Concept.
Angelone, Conti, Biacca et al. (2018) — International journal of molecular sciences
Case Report
Plasma concentrations, analgesic and physiological assessments in horses with chronic laminitis treated with two doses of oral tramadol.
Guedes A, Knych H, Hood D (2016) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes in fecal samples reveals high diversity of hindgut microflora in horses and potential links to chronic laminitis.
Steelman Samantha M, Chowdhary Bhanu P, Dowd Scot et al. (2012) — BMC veterinary research
Case Report
Decreased expression of p63, a regulator of epidermal stem cells, in the chronic laminitic equine hoof.
Carter, Engiles, Megee et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Managing severe hoof pain in a horse using multimodal analgesia and a modified composite pain score
Dutton D. W., Lashnits K. J., Wegner K. (2009) — Equine Veterinary Education
Case Report
Modulus of elasticity and dry-matter content of bovine claw horn affected by the changes of chronic laminitis.
Hinterhofer Christine, Apprich Veronika, Ferguson James C et al. (2007) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Case Report
Chronic equine laminitis is characterised by loss of GLUT1, GLUT4 and ENaC positive laminar keratinocytes.
Mobasheri A, Critchlow K, Clegg P D et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine digit with chronic laminitis.
Murray, Dyson, Schramme et al. (2004) — Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association
Case Report
Glyceryl trinitrate enhances nitric oxide mediated perfusion within the equine hoof.
Hinckley, Fearn, Howard et al. (1997) — The Journal of endocrinology
Case Report
Vascular perfusion in horses with chronic laminitis.
Hood, Grosenbaugh, Slater (1996) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Insulin tolerance in laminitic ponies.
Coffman, Colles (1984) — Canadian journal of comparative medicine : Revue canadienne de medecine comparee
Case Report
Angiographic appearance of the normal equine foot and alterations in chronic laminitis.
Ackerman, Garner, Coffman et al. (1975) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Case Report
Metabolic and Endocrine Insights in Donkeys.
Mendoza Francisco J, Toribio Ramiro E, Perez-Ecija Alejandro (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Expert Opinion
Response to acupuncture treatment in horses with chronic laminitis.
Faramarzi, Lee, May et al. (2017) — The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne
Expert Opinion
The lamellar wedge.
Collins, van Eps, Pollitt et al. (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Chronic Laminitis: Strategic Hoof Wall Resection
Rucker Amy (2010) — Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
Expert Opinion
Home care for horses with chronic laminitis.
Orsini, Wrigley, Riley (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Progression of venographic changes after experimentally induced laminitis.
Baldwin, Pollitt (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Chronic laminitis: foot management.
Morrison (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Short-term effect of therapeutic shoeing on severity of lameness in horses with chronic laminitis.
Taylor, Hood, Wagner (2003) — American journal of veterinary research
Expert Opinion
Chronic laminitis: current treatment strategies.
Parks, O'Grady (2003) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
The pathophysiology of developmental and acute laminitis.
Hood (1999) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
The pathophysiology of chronic laminitis. Pain and anatomic pathology.
Morgan, Grosenbaugh, Hood (1999) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
The mechanisms and consequences of structural failure of the foot.
Hood (1999) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Effects of ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on chronic hoof pain and lameness in the horse.
Owens, Kamerling, Stanton et al. (1996) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Mid-metacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy in the management of refractory laminitis in horses.
Hunt, Allen, Baxter et al. (1991) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Expert Opinion
[Pathogenesis and drug therapy of acute laminitis in horses: a literature review].
Boosman, Németh (1989) — Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde
Expert Opinion
The effect of frog pressure and downward vertical load on hoof wall weight-bearing and third phalanx displacement in the horse--an in vitro study.
Olivier, Wannenburg, Gottschalk et al. (2002) — Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
Thesis
Factors affecting hoof balance
Butler (1992) — FWCF Fellowship Thesis
Thesis