Endocrinopathic Laminitis: What the Research Says
Evidence from 40 peer-reviewed studies
1 Systematic Review
1 RCT
10 Cohort Study
10 Case Report
18 Expert Opinion
What Professionals Should Know
- •Identify insulin dysregulation in ponies with pasture-associated laminitis, as this endocrinopathic phenotype represents a distinct disease mechanism requiring targeted management
- •Recognize that laminitis can result from multiple different pathways (metabolic, inflammatory/septic, biomechanical), and naturally occurring cases may involve contributions from several mechanisms simultaneously
- •Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of laminitis pathogenesis can inform preventive strategies and treatment approaches targeting basal epithelial cell stress
- •IGF-1 receptor inhibition shows promise as a therapeutic target for endocrinopathic laminitis, though blocking this pathway alone does not prevent the disease entirely
- •Current findings suggest combination therapy may be needed alongside IGF-1R antagonism to fully prevent hyperinsulinaemia-induced laminitis
- •This research identifies a potential new drug class for treating insulin-associated laminitis in horses with metabolic disease, but further development is required before clinical application
- •Obesity assessment in native-breed ponies should consider adiponectin status as part of metabolic syndrome evaluation, as dysregulation may contribute to laminitis risk independent of insulin alone
- •Weight management and metabolic monitoring are critical preventive strategies, as insulin dysregulation occurs in all affected animals and may be linked to adiponectin abnormalities
- •Veterinarians should consider adiponectin testing alongside traditional insulin and glucose assessments when evaluating obese ponies for metabolic syndrome risk
- •Intensive management systems combining stall confinement and high-calorie diets may predispose horses to lamellar pathology and early laminitis development; consider management modifications to improve turnout and dietary control
- •Semi-feral grazing and natural movement patterns appear protective for lamellar tissue health, suggesting that increased exercise and natural foraging may benefit hoof health in domesticated horses
- •Regular histological screening of hoof lamellar tissue may help identify early endocrinopathic laminitis before clinical signs appear in intensively managed horses
- •Insulin dysregulation in laminitis-prone horses may cause amino acid imbalances that compromise hoof tissue integrity; monitoring insulin status becomes increasingly important for prevention
- •Dietary amino acid supplementation or insulin management strategies targeting hypoaminoacidemia may offer therapeutic potential for endocrinopathic laminitis cases
- •Understanding the hyperinsulinemia-hypoaminoacidemia-laminitis pathway helps explain why insulin control is critical in laminitis management
- •Glycerophospholipid and glucose metabolism alterations may serve as early warning biomarkers for laminitis susceptibility, potentially enabling preventive intervention before clinical signs develop
- •Metabolomic testing could complement or replace dynamic insulin testing (which requires specialist facilities) for identifying high-risk ponies—particularly useful for practitioners managing animals on pasture or high-sugar diets
- •Further validation studies are needed before these biomarkers can be incorporated into routine clinical screening protocols
- •The modified Obel scoring method offers a more sensitive tool for monitoring laminitis improvement in endocrinopathic cases, which will help evaluate emerging treatments more accurately in clinical practice
- •Understanding the natural improvement trajectory (over 6 weeks) in HAL cases managed with current best practices provides a benchmark for assessing whether new pharmacological treatments offer additional benefit
- •Standardising laminitis assessment protocols across practices, including withholding pain relief before examination, improves consistency and reliability of clinical monitoring in laminitis cases
- •Current evidence suggests therapies focused on improving lamellar blood perfusion may not be effective in preventing endocrinopathic laminitis development, as laminitis occurred without perfusion deficits
- •Hyperinsulinaemia appears to alter lamellar energy metabolism (increased lactate and pyruvate) in ways that do not follow typical hypoxic/ischaemic patterns, suggesting different pathogenic mechanisms than traditionally assumed
- •Management of laminitis risk in hyperinsulinaemic horses should focus on metabolic control rather than strategies aimed at enhancing tissue perfusion
- •Paso Fino horses should be considered at higher risk for insulin dysregulation and endocrinopathic laminitis regardless of apparent body condition; breed-specific screening may be warranted
- •Weight management is critical in Paso Finos, as even moderate obesity significantly worsens insulin dysregulation and laminitis risk
- •Veterinarians should perform baseline insulin and glucose testing in Paso Fino horses presenting with laminitis or as part of preventative health assessment, particularly for overweight individuals
- •The modified Obel method is now validated for clinical use and offers better detection of mild laminitis cases and endocrinopathic forms that may fall between traditional Obel grades
- •Use this method in your practice when monitoring laminitis progression and recovery, as the discrete scoring of individual clinical signs (0-12 scale) provides more nuanced monitoring than traditional five-point system
- •Both methods show excellent reproducibility, so switching from traditional to modified Obel scoring will not introduce inconsistency; choose based on whether you need finer detail for treatment monitoring or research purposes
- •Test for both EMS and PPID concurrently in laminitic cases, as combined endocrinopathies produce higher insulin levels and likely worse outcomes than single conditions
- •Ponies with laminitis require particularly aggressive insulin management and metabolic screening due to inherently higher basal insulin concentrations
- •Basal insulin concentration appears to be a useful prognostic indicator for laminitis severity—higher insulin correlates with more severe lameness, supporting aggressive metabolic control as a treatment priority
- •Low circulating adiponectin levels measured via IT assay are associated with both previous laminitis and future laminitis risk in ponies, potentially offering a useful biomarker for risk stratification
- •If considering adiponectin testing for laminitis risk assessment, use immunoturbidimetric assays only—ELISA methods are not reliable for equine measurement
- •Ponies with adiponectin <5 μg/mL are at significantly elevated risk of developing laminitis within the next year, warranting enhanced management and preventive strategies
- •Circulating total adiponectin may not be a reliable short-term biomarker for monitoring insulin dysregulation or dexamethasone effects in ponies; measurement of high-molecular-weight adiponectin or receptor expression patterns may be more informative
- •The disconnect between stable adiponectin levels and upregulated adiponectin signalling receptors during dexamethasone challenge suggests the relationship between adiponectin dysregulation and laminitis risk may be more complex than direct hormone concentration changes
- •Clinical monitoring of laminitis risk in insulin-sensitive ponies requiring dexamethasone therapy should not rely solely on adiponectin concentration changes to predict adverse metabolic effects
- •Neutrophil extracellular traps and their enzymatic activity represent a previously unrecognized pathogenic mechanism in naturally occurring laminitis that may be therapeutically targetable
- •The significant presence of NET-bound myeloperoxidase in lamellar tissue suggests that anti-inflammatory or neutrophil-modulating treatments could potentially offer new treatment options for laminitis cases
- •This research provides foundational evidence for developing novel therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing neutrophil activation and NET formation as adjunctive treatment for laminitis
- •Salivary insulin testing may provide a viable non-invasive screening option for horses with suspected insulin dysregulation or endocrinopathic laminitis risk
- •Current commercial assays cannot reliably measure adiponectin in saliva, so serum/plasma remains necessary for adiponectin assessment
- •This method could improve compliance in difficult-to-handle horses or those with needle anxiety by eliminating venipuncture stress
- •Continuous digital hypothermia effectively suppresses multiple inflammatory pathways in hyperinsulinemic laminitis, particularly keratinocyte-mediated inflammation, supporting its use as a therapeutic intervention during acute episodes
- •Keratinocytes are key drivers of lamellar inflammation in endocrinopathic laminitis; therapeutic strategies targeting keratinocyte stress responses may offer benefit beyond cooling alone
- •Some inflammatory mediators (IL-17A, MMP9) are not suppressed by cooling, suggesting they may operate through alternative pathways and could be targets for complementary treatments
- •Horses respond to overfeeding with measurable metabolic changes, but timing and magnitude vary individually—monitor each horse's response rather than assuming uniform effects
- •Elevated choline in serum may be an early biomarker for metabolic dysfunction in horses receiving high-carbohydrate diets
- •This metabolomic approach could eventually support early detection of metabolic syndrome risk before clinical signs like laminitis develop
- •Hyperinsulinemia causes direct lamellar tissue damage through microvascular dysfunction and complement cascade activation—this supports aggressive insulin management in metabolically predisposed horses as preventive strategy
- •Novel biomarkers (talin-1, vinculin, fibrinogen, heat shock protein 90) identified in this study may enable earlier detection of endocrinopathic laminitis before clinical signs appear
- •The tissue-specific nature of lamellar damage (absent in cardiac tissue) suggests targeted lamellar therapeutics rather than systemic interventions may be most effective
- •High insulin levels cause laminitis through a mechanism that does NOT involve direct binding to IGF-1 receptors in the lamellae—the cause remains to be identified and may involve systemic metabolic effects rather than local receptor activation
- •Managing endocrinopathic laminitis through insulin control remains critical, but understanding the true mechanism of insulin injury may lead to more targeted therapeutic approaches beyond glucose/insulin regulation alone
- •Current research does not support IGF-1 receptor antagonism as a therapeutic strategy for insulin-associated laminitis
- •Horses with endocrinopathies causing hyperinsulinemia develop laminitis through cellular stress mechanisms involving protein misfolding—aggressive insulin control may help prevent tissue damage progression
- •Understanding that endocrinopathic laminitis involves cellular stress at the ER level supports the importance of metabolic management and early endocrinopathy detection in at-risk horses
- •This cellular mechanism explains why chronically hyperinsulinemic horses are vulnerable to laminitis and emphasizes need for insulin regulation through diet, exercise, and medication where appropriate
- •Endocrinopathic laminitis involves systemic vascular dysfunction affecting the hoof's blood supply; managing the underlying metabolic syndrome and Cushing's disease is critical for addressing root cause
- •The impaired vasodilation response suggests compromised microvascular perfusion in the laminae, which may explain the severity and recurrent nature of laminitis in metabolically affected horses
- •Screening for equine metabolic syndrome and Cushing's disease in laminitis cases is essential, as vascular dysfunction appears to be a key pathophysiologic mechanism
- •Hyperinsulinemic laminitis develops through subclinical episodes before obvious clinical signs appear—early insulin testing and management of at-risk horses (obese, Cushings, metabolic syndrome) is critical for prevention.
- •The abaxial location of lesions in endocrinopathic laminitis differs from inflammatory laminitis, suggesting different underlying mechanisms that may require distinct therapeutic approaches.
- •Lesion severity at necropsy does not predict clinical duration, so mild clinical signs do not guarantee minor pathological changes; consistent long-term management of insulin regulation remains essential even after apparent recovery.
- •Screen at-risk horses for insulin dysregulation as part of EMS or PPID workup—early detection and management prevents most cases of endocrinopathic laminitis
- •Coordinate closely with farrier and vet on foot biomechanics and pain management alongside treatment of the underlying metabolic condition for best outcomes
- •Stay current on endocrinopathy diagnostics and therapeutics as this field is rapidly evolving with new testing and treatment options
- •Understand that EMS is a multi-factorial condition affecting obese horses with insulin dysregulation; screening for these components is essential in practice
- •Stay updated on emerging treatment options beyond traditional weight management and dietary restriction
- •Recognize the critical link between metabolic dysfunction and laminitis risk to enable early intervention and prevention strategies
- •Screen horses for signs of metabolic syndrome and obesity as part of routine preventive care, as early intervention can prevent severe laminitis
- •Understand the relationship between insulin dysregulation and laminitis risk to better counsel clients on management and dietary modifications
- •Familiarise yourself with current diagnostic tests and clinical recognition criteria for metabolic syndrome to enable prompt identification and treatment initiation
- •Experience alone does not drive preventative weight management—target intervention messaging toward owners of metabolically-affected ponies, as they demonstrate higher adoption of feeding and exercise protocols
- •Simply building owner confidence through education may not be sufficient to change behaviour; focus instead on demonstrating practical benefits and disease-risk pathways specific to individual operations
- •Consider developing preventative care packages or protocols for native pony owners that address the gap between knowing best practice and acting on it before clinical disease develops
- •Endocrine testing for insulin dysfunction should be a standard part of your laminitis diagnostic protocol, as this is now recognized as the most common cause of field laminitis
- •Stay updated on evolving understanding of insulin's role in laminitis pathogenesis, as treatment approaches continue to change based on recent research
- •Consider regional best practices when developing your laminitis management protocols, as approaches vary between North America and other regions
- •Effective endocrinopathic laminitis prevention depends on controlling insulin levels through diet and exercise, with promising new drug classes (SGLT2 inhibitors) emerging to complement these foundational approaches
- •Until lamellar-protective drugs become available, pain management with established NSAIDs like phenylbutazone remains the most reliable pharmacological tool for acute cases
- •Future laminitis protocols will likely combine dietary management, exercise, endocrine-targeting drugs, and pain relief in a coordinated strategy rather than relying on single interventions
- •Digital hypothermia may modulate IL-6/gp130 signalling in sepsis-related laminitis, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for managing acute laminitis in septic horses
- •Understanding the shared signalling pathways between sepsis-related and endocrinopathic laminitis may lead to unified treatment approaches
- •Further investigation of inflammatory cytokine modulation could improve outcomes in sepsis-associated foot complications
- •Hyperinsulinaemia directly compromises lamellar strength in susceptible horses; aggressive metabolic management and insulin control are critical for laminitis prevention in endocrinopathic cases
- •Horses with underlying metabolic disorders require early identification and treatment to prevent irreversible lamellar damage, as insulin itself appears to be a causative factor rather than just a marker of disease
- •This research provides a foundation for testing therapeutic interventions targeting insulin signaling pathways as potential preventive strategies for endocrinopathic laminitis
- •Screen horses for insulin dysregulation through appropriate laboratory tests; this is your main lever for preventing laminitis in metabolically predisposed horses
- •Combine diet (calorie and sugar restriction) with consistent exercise as the foundation of EMS management—these address the root problem, not just symptoms
- •Partner with your veterinarian on long-term monitoring; EMS control requires sustained owner discipline and professional guidance to succeed
- •Identify the primary disease driver (endocrine dysfunction, ischemia, or sepsis) early, as this determines which preventive and therapeutic pathways to target
- •Recognize that despite different causes, acute laminitis shares common tissue damage patterns—address inflammation, pain management, and mechanical load strategically for all forms
- •Implement cause-specific interventions (insulin modulation, limb support/unloading, anti-inflammatory therapy) alongside general acute laminitis protocols for optimal outcomes
- •Laminitis cases should be investigated for underlying systemic disease, particularly endocrine disease, rather than treated as an isolated condition
- •Understanding that lamellar cell stretching and elongation are early key events offers new targets for intervention and management strategies
- •The recognition of a variable subclinical phase suggests potential for earlier detection and prevention if systemic disease triggers are identified and managed promptly
- •Monitor insulin levels and body condition in at-risk horses; obesity and insulin dysregulation are modifiable risk factors for laminitis
- •Restrict high-NSC forage (cereal grains, rich pasture) in horses with metabolic syndrome to reduce systemic insulin spikes and lamellar stress
- •Understanding the IGF-1 receptor mechanism offers potential therapeutic targets for preventing or treating endocrinopathic laminitis
- •Understanding tissue-specific insulin receptor expression patterns may help explain why some horses are more susceptible to hyperinsulinaemia-related laminitis
- •Dietary carbohydrate management and body condition assessment should consider individual variation in insulin receptor expression across tissues
- •Knowledge of receptor isoforms and hybrid receptors provides mechanistic basis for managing insulin-related laminitis prevention strategies
- •Work with your veterinarian to identify and treat underlying PPID or metabolic syndrome as a primary laminitis prevention strategy
- •Pharmacologic management of endocrine disease can reduce laminitis risk before clinical signs develop
- •Coordinate care across your veterinary, farrier, and nutrition team for best outcomes in metabolically at-risk horses
- •Implement regular exercise programs for laminitis-prone horses as it directly reduces insulin resistance and inflammatory markers
- •Modify diet to improve insulin sensitivity—this is a primary prevention strategy for horses with endocrinopathic predisposition
- •Combine both exercise and dietary interventions for maximum effect in managing recurrent laminitis cases
- •Screen horses and ponies for hyperinsulinemia before laminitis develops clinically, as subclinical disease causes progressive foot damage
- •Implement early intervention strategies targeting insulin control rather than waiting for lameness to appear
- •Counsel owners that prevention through management is more beneficial and cost-effective than treating established laminitic changes
- •When evaluating laminitis cases in the field, prioritize screening for endocrine disorders (ECS and EMS) as these are the most common underlying causes
- •Develop a systematic approach to exclude non-endocrine causes (inflammation, weight-bearing issues) before or concurrently with endocrine testing to improve treatment outcomes
- •Focus management strategies on identifying and treating the underlying endocrine condition rather than treating laminitis as an isolated problem
- •Endocrinopathic laminitis remains a significant clinical problem with limited treatment options; understanding the IGF-1R mechanism may lead to new therapeutic strategies beyond pain relief
- •Managing hyperinsulinemia through diet and weight control is crucial, as pharmacologic alternatives targeting the IGF-1R pathway are still in early development
- •This research represents foundational work toward novel monoclonal antibody therapy; practitioners should monitor for future clinical trials of anti-IGF-1R treatments
Key Research Findings
Basal epithelial cell stress is proposed as a central event common to all three categories of equine laminitis
Insulin dysregulation is a key mechanism in endocrinopathic laminitis, with prolonged insulin and glucose infusions experimentally inducing laminar pathology
Multiple molecular pathways contribute to laminar lamellar pathology in naturally occurring laminitis with varying contributions from endocrinopathic, sepsis-related, and supporting limb mechanisms
Interactions between different laminitis-associated pathways have been identified based on 15 years of experimental model research
All insulin-treated horses developed laminitis within 30 hours regardless of antibody treatment, confirming hyperinsulinaemia's laminitic effect
mAb11-treated horses showed significantly less distal phalanx sinking compared to positive-control (P < 0.05)
Anti-IGF-1R antibody treatment reduced histological severity with markedly less elongation of secondary epidermal lamellae tips (P < 0.05)
IGF-1 receptor appears to play a role in insulin-induced laminitis pathogenesis but does not account for all mechanisms of hyperinsulinaemic injury
Study investigates the relationship between total adiponectin concentrations and obesity in native-breed ponies
All equine metabolic syndrome-affected animals display insulin dysregulation as a core feature
Some animals with equine metabolic syndrome show adiponectin dysregulation and/or excessive adiposity
The specific relationship between obesity and hypoadiponectinaemia in equids remains unclear and requires further investigation
Semi-feral Iberian horses (Marajoara and Puruca breeds) showed healthier lamellar tissue histology compared to intensively managed Mangalarga Marchador horses
Domesticated horses in intensive systems exhibited early signs of laminitis including abnormal keratinization, tapered PEL tips, nuclei condensation, and abnormal SELBC orientation
Semi-feral horses demonstrated greater epidermis/dermis interface contact and more rounded nuclei in secondary epidermal basal cells than intensively managed horses
Evidence Base
A review of cellular and molecular mechanisms in endocrinopathic, sepsis-related and supporting limb equine laminitis.
Elliott Jonathan, Bailey Simon R (2023) — Equine veterinary journal
Systematic Review
Effects of an anti-IGF-1 receptor monoclonal antibody on laminitis induced by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses.
Rahnama Samira, Vathsangam Niveditha, Spence Robert et al. (2020) — PloS one
RCT
Relationships between total adiponectin concentrations and obesity in native-breed ponies in England.
Barnabé Marine A, Elliott Jonathan, Harris Patricia A et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Histological comparison of the lamellar tissue of Iberian origin breed horses created in semi-feral conditions or in an intensive system.
Malacarne Bruno Dondoni, Martins Rodrigo Ribeiro, Paz Cahuê Francisco Rosa et al. (2023) — PloS one
Cohort Study
Plasma amino acid concentrations during experimental hyperinsulinemia in 2 laminitis models.
Stokes Simon M, Stefanovski Darko, Bertin François-René et al. (2021) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Cohort Study
Metabolic profile distinguishes laminitis-susceptible and -resistant ponies before and after feeding a high sugar diet.
Delarocque, Reiche, Meier et al. (2021) — BMC veterinary research
Cohort Study
The application of a new laminitis scoring method to model the rate and pattern of improvement from equine endocrinopathic laminitis in a clinical setting.
Meier A, McGree J, Klee R et al. (2021) — BMC veterinary research
Cohort Study
Lamellar energy metabolism and perfusion in the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp model of equine laminitis.
Stokes Simon M, Bertin Francois R, Stefanovski Darko et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Glucose and Insulin Responses to an Intravenous Glucose Load in Thoroughbred and Paso Fino Horses.
Breuhaus Babetta A (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Cohort Study
A “modified Obel” method for the severity scoring of (endocrinopathic) equine laminitis
Meier Alexandra, de Laat Melody, Pollitt Christopher et al. (2019) — PeerJ
Cohort Study
Phenotypic, hormonal, and clinical characteristics of equine endocrinopathic laminitis
M. D. de Laat, M. Sillence, D. Reiche (2019) — Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Cohort Study
Validity and application of immunoturbidimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of adiponectin concentration in ponies.
Menzies-Gow N J, Knowles E J, Rogers I et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Short-term induced hyperinsulinaemia and dexamethasone challenge do not affect circulating total adiponectin concentrations in insulin-sensitive ponies.
Barnabé Marine A, Elliott Jonathan, Harris Patricia A et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Neutrophil extracellular traps and active myeloperoxidase concentrate in lamellar tissue of equids with naturally occurring laminitis.
N. Storms, G. de la Rebière, T. Franck et al. (2024) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
Case Report
Insulin, but not adiponectin, is detectable in equine saliva using an automated, commercial assay.
Barnabé Marine A, Elliott Jonathan, Harris Patricia A et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Continuous digital hypothermia reduces expression of keratin 17 and 1L-17A inflammatory pathway mediators in equine laminitis induced by hyperinsulinemia.
L. Cassimeris, Caitlin Armstrong, Quinnlyn C Burger et al. (2021) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
Case Report
Metabolic Profile Changes in Mangalarga Marchador Horses Subjected to A Hypercaloric Diet Evaluated by Proton NMR Spectroscopy.
Duarte Patricia de Castro, Ribeiro Rodrigo Martins, Machado Alan Rodrigues Teixeira et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Case Report
Differential Proteomic Expression of Equine Cardiac and Lamellar Tissue During Insulin-Induced Laminitis.
Campolo Allison, Frantz Matthew W, de Laat Melody A et al. (2020) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Case Report
Characterization of insulin and IGF-1 receptor binding in equine liver and lamellar tissue: implications for endocrinopathic laminitis.
S. Nanayakkara, S. Rahnama, P. Harris et al. (2019) — Domestic animal endocrinology
Case Report
Detection of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in naturally-occurring endocrinopathic equine laminitis.
Cassimeris Lynne, Engiles Julie B, Galantino-Homer Hannah (2019) — BMC veterinary research
Case Report
Show 20 more references
Vascular Dysfunction in Horses with Endocrinopathic Laminitis.
Morgan Ruth A, Keen John A, Walker Brian R et al. (2016) — PloS one
Case Report
Pathology of Natural Cases of Equine Endocrinopathic Laminitis Associated With Hyperinsulinemia.
Karikoski N P, McGowan C M, Singer E R et al. (2015) — Veterinary pathology
Case Report
Understanding, diagnosing and managing endocrinopathic laminitis
Grenager Nora (2024) — UK-Vet Equine
Expert Opinion
Equine metabolic syndrome: part 2
Philip J Johnson (2024) — UK-Vet Equine
Expert Opinion
Equine metabolic syndrome: part 1
Philip J Johnson (2024) — UK-Vet Equine
Expert Opinion
Confidence does not mediate a relationship between owner experience and likelihood of using weight management approaches for native ponies.
Ward Ashley B, Harris Patricia A, Argo Caroline McG et al. (2023) — PloS one
Expert Opinion
Approaches to endocrinopathic laminitis in the field: Results of a survey of veterinary practitioners in North America.
Rumfola Elizabeth, Banse Heidi E, Atkins Megan et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Expert Opinion
A review of recent developments in the pharmacological prevention and treatment of endocrinopathic laminitis
de Laat M. A., Sillence M. N. (2020) — Animal Production Science
Expert Opinion
Influence of digital hypothermia on lamellar events related to IL-6/gp130 signalling in equine sepsis-related laminitis.
Dern K, Burns T A, Watts M R et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Ex vivo effects of insulin on the structural integrity of equine digital lamellae.
Sandow C, Fugler L A, Leise B et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome
A. Durham, N. Frank, C. McGowan et al. (2019) — Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Expert Opinion
Are There Shared Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Different Clinical Forms of Laminitis and What Are the Implications for Prevention and Treatment?
van Eps, Burns (2019) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Paradigm shifts in understanding equine laminitis.
Patterson-Kane, Karikoski, McGowan (2018) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Expert Opinion
Lamellar events related to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signalling in two models relevant to endocrinopathic laminitis.
Lane H E, Burns T A, Hegedus O C et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Equine insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression in digital lamellar tissue and insulin target tissues.
Kullmann A, Weber P S, Bishop J B et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis
Durham Andy (2010) — Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
Expert Opinion
Endocrinopathic Laminitis: Reducing the Risk Through Diet and Exercise
Menzies-Gow Nicola J. (2010) — Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
Expert Opinion
Field treatment and management of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses and ponies.
Walsh (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Endocrinopathic laminitis.
McGowan (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
Expert Opinion
Endocrinopathic laminitis in the horse
Johnson Philip J., Messer Nat T., Slight Simon H. et al. (2004) — Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice
Expert Opinion