Joint Inflammation: What the Research Says
Evidence from 38 peer-reviewed studies
11 RCT
4 Cohort Study
4 Case Report
16 Expert Opinion
3 Thesis
What Professionals Should Know
- •Meloxicam effectively controls lameness from experimentally-induced synovitis and may provide clinical benefit in managing acute joint inflammation cases
- •NSAIDs like meloxicam appear to modulate systemic inflammatory markers (temperature, hemoglobin, neutrophil response) in acute synovitis
- •Joint circumference measurements alone are insufficient to assess inflammatory response; lameness scoring and systemic markers provide better clinical indicators
- •Triamcinolone acetonide has more prolonged residual anti-inflammatory effects than betamethasone when injected intra-articularly, which should be considered when managing competition horses and regulatory compliance.
- •Both intra-articular corticosteroids suppress systemic cortisol production significantly; practitioners should monitor for potential systemic effects and weigh benefits against risks of HPA axis suppression.
- •Residual anti-inflammatory effects from intra-articular corticosteroid injections may persist beyond typical withdrawal periods, particularly in naturally occurring joint disease conditions.
- •Intra-articular isoflupredone delivers therapeutic drug concentrations directly to inflamed joints with minimal systemic absorption, reducing doping concerns in performance horses
- •The presence of joint inflammation changes how intra-articular corticosteroids behave pharmacologically, which may influence dosing decisions in acute versus chronic joint conditions
- •This data supports intra-articular corticosteroid use for managing joint inflammation in performance horses when systemic effects need to be minimized
- •MSC-secretome offers a promising off-the-shelf alternative to live cell MSC therapy for intra-articular joint inflammation, with comparable efficacy and easier storage/handling advantages
- •Peak anti-inflammatory effects appear within 24 hours of intra-articular injection, making this suitable for acute inflammatory episodes
- •While GAG changes suggest metabolic effects on cartilage, clinical significance remains unclear—monitor cartilage health outcomes in longer-term or clinical studies before widespread adoption
- •NGAL measured in synovial fluid appears useful as a diagnostic biomarker to differentiate septic from non-septic joint inflammation and assess inflammation severity
- •Synovial fluid samples are more diagnostically sensitive than serum for NGAL detection in joint disease, making joint aspiration the preferred diagnostic approach
- •NGAL concentration correlates with inflammatory cell infiltration, so it could help clinicians quantify inflammation intensity and potentially guide treatment intensity decisions
- •Combining sEH and COX inhibitors may offer superior pain relief and cartilage protection in joint disease compared to NSAIDs alone—consider investigating dual-therapy protocols for horses with osteoarthritis
- •sEH inhibitors appear to have disease-modifying potential by protecting cartilage cells from inflammatory damage, not just symptom relief
- •This work supports exploring sEH inhibitors as adjunctive therapy alongside traditional NSAIDs for conditions like radiocarpal joint disease
- •N-3 LCPUFA supplementation successfully accumulates EPA and DHA in joint tissues, supporting tissue penetration of these compounds
- •While synovial fluid inflammatory markers (PGE2, MMP) were not reduced by supplementation, the lower ADAMTS-4 expression suggests potential protective effects on cartilage matrix degradation that warrant further investigation
- •Current evidence is insufficient to recommend n-3 LCPUFA as a primary joint therapy, but tissue-level gene expression changes suggest continued investigation may be warranted
- •Phenylbutazone controls clinical signs of acute joint inflammation but does not prevent cartilage catabolism at the biochemical level
- •The reduction in collagen synthesis (CPII) with phenylbutazone suggests anti-anabolic effects on cartilage repair that deserve clinical consideration in recovery management
- •Relying solely on phenylbutazone for acute synovitis may need supplementation with other strategies to protect cartilage turnover during acute inflammatory episodes
- •Consider CRI protocols for opioid analgesia in cases of acute joint inflammation to maintain more consistent pain relief and physiological stability
- •Multiple opioid options (morphine, butorphanol, tramadol, methadone) are available for CRI use; this study provides comparative data to guide selection based on clinical presentation
- •CRI administration may offer advantages over bolus dosing for managing pain in acute synovitis, particularly in cases requiring sustained analgesia
- •Glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate supplementation combined with exercise may improve joint function and reduce stiffness in older horses, though clinical evidence remains limited
- •Consider recommending three-month supplementation trials in aged horses with joint stiffness as part of a comprehensive management plan including regular exercise
- •While in vitro data is promising, clinicians should counsel owners that clinical efficacy in living horses requires further evidence
- •Intra-articular samarium-153 microspheres show promise as a synovectomy method for chronic synovitis, but the technique currently requires radioactive materials and careful handling protocols not yet routine in equine practice
- •This treatment induced temporary lameness and joint inflammation (48-72 hours post-injection), so affected horses would require stall rest during recovery; long-term clinical efficacy and safety data in naturally-occurring synovitis cases are needed before clinical adoption
- •Consider this as emerging research indicating future possibilities for treating chip-induced or inflammatory joint disease when conventional joint treatments have failed—not yet a standard clinical option
- •Understanding inflammatory markers and lubricant changes in early synovitis may help identify biomarkers for early joint disease detection and monitoring in lame horses
- •Different joint insult mechanisms (cytokine-induced vs. mechanical lavage) produce distinct synovial fluid inflammatory profiles, suggesting different therapeutic targets may be needed
- •Serial synovial fluid analysis could potentially guide treatment decisions in managing joint inflammation and preserving articular cartilage
- •When selecting MSC products or preparations for therapeutic use, verify that FBS was NOT used in cell culture—this significantly compromises efficacy in vaccinated horses
- •Previously published efficacy data on FBS-prepared MSCs should be interpreted cautiously, as reduced cell viability and higher inflammatory responses may underestimate true therapeutic potential of optimized preparations
- •If considering MSC therapy for joint or soft-tissue injuries, ensure the product uses FBS-free preparation protocols to maximize cell survival and therapeutic outcome
- •Isoflupredone acetate is a legitimate FDA-approved option for intra-articular corticosteroid therapy in performance horses, though practitioners should seek additional published efficacy data to guide clinical decision-making
- •Understanding gene expression changes in synovial fluid following corticosteroid administration may help optimize timing of repeat injections and predict clinical response duration
- •This research addresses a gap in published literature on this particular corticosteroid formulation, which is relevant for practitioners managing joint disease in working horses
- •While TA provides short-term anti-inflammatory benefits, the downregulation of collagen gene expression suggests cautious, judicious use is warranted to avoid compromising cartilage integrity with repeated or excessive injections
- •Gene expression effects persist well beyond detectable drug levels (up to 49 days), indicating both prolonged therapeutic and potentially prolonged adverse effects that should inform re-injection timing decisions
- •Synovial fluid sampling can be used clinically to monitor individual joint responses to corticosteroid therapy, potentially guiding personalized treatment protocols
- •This new direct approach offers a safer and more effective method for removing fragments from the distal pouch of the fetlock compared to previous arthroscopic techniques
- •Early fragment removal may help limit progressive joint damage, as inflammation and cartilage changes were present in all examined joints
- •Consider this technique for horses presenting with fetlock joint disease where imaging confirms free-floating fragments in the palmar/plantar recess
- •Intra-articular mitochondrial injection shows promise as a safe treatment option for joint disease with no observable adverse reactions or lameness changes in the short term
- •The transient mild synovial fluid changes within the first week appear to be self-limiting and do not warrant clinical concern
- •This safety profile supports progression to efficacy trials, but clinical practitioners should await effectiveness data before considering this an established treatment option
- •TRPV1 receptors are present and upregulated in inflamed equine joints, suggesting they may be a viable therapeutic target for managing joint pain and osteoarthritis in horses
- •Current findings are exploratory; do not yet inform treatment decisions, but future TRPV1-targeted therapies could offer disease-modifying approaches rather than just symptomatic relief for lameness
- •More research is needed to understand the clinical significance and translate these molecular findings into practical interventions for equine joint disease
- •Chronic joint inflammation in osteoarthritis appears driven by loss of macrophage homeostatic function rather than a simple M1/M2 shift; future treatments should focus on restoring resolution mechanisms rather than just suppressing inflammation.
- •Measuring synovial fluid IL-10 and MCP-1 ratios may help identify joints where inflammatory resolution has failed and guide intervention timing.
- •Current anti-inflammatory approaches may be insufficient; consider therapeutic strategies that actively promote tissue healing and inflammatory resolution once diagnosis is confirmed.
- •IL-10 shows promise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for equine osteoarthritis, but in vivo efficacy remains to be demonstrated in clinical trials
- •The timing and context of anti-inflammatory treatment delivery may be critical—therapeutic effect depends on the inflammatory environment present at time of administration
- •Further work is needed to translate these in vitro findings to intra-articular injection protocols, dosing regimens, and clinical outcomes in lame horses
- •Clodronate disodium did not show protective or anti-inflammatory benefits in this in vitro model and should not be assumed effective for joint inflammation without further evidence
- •In vivo studies are needed before considering clodronate for equine joint disease, as this in vitro model suggests limited efficacy
- •Practitioners should be cautious about using clodronate as a standalone anti-inflammatory treatment for osteoarthritis or synovitis based on current evidence
- •In intra-articular injections combining local anesthetic and corticosteroid, delaying corticosteroid administration by 6 days appears to offer no advantage over concurrent injection—timing flexibility may allow clinical convenience without compromising therapeutic benefit.
- •Both mepivacaine and triamcinolone individually suppress inflammatory mediators, suggesting complementary effects; however, mepivacaine's cytotoxic effect warrants consideration of concentration and duration in clinical use.
- •This in vitro model suggests concurrent intra-articular therapy is acceptable from a tissue protection standpoint, but clinical validation in vivo is needed before changing injection protocols.
- •MSC-derived extracellular vesicles show promise as an adjuvant therapy for equine joint disease by reducing cartilage-degrading enzymes in inflamed tissue
- •Bone marrow-derived EVs may be a practical source material for developing regenerative treatments for articular pathologies in horses
- •Further clinical trials are needed to translate these in vitro findings into therapeutic protocols for joint conditions
- •OA requires individualized management based on its specific etiology (trauma, overuse, or degenerative), as it is not a single disease—tailor prevention and treatment accordingly.
- •Anti-inflammatory treatments targeting macrophage activity and innate immunity may offer better long-term outcomes than approaches that only address acute inflammation symptoms.
- •Understanding immune modulation in OA can help practitioners select from various therapeutic options (including novel immunotherapies) based on individual horse response and disease stage.
- •ACS and APS are cytokine-modulating therapies targeting IL-1β in joint disease; both show promise but differ in production methods and may have variable clinical results depending on patient factors
- •These are blood-derived products with anti-inflammatory properties that may slow OA progression, but clinicians should understand that clinical outcomes vary and further research is needed to predict individual response
- •When considering ACS or APS for joint disease, recognize that both work through similar mechanisms (IL-1Ra elevation) but clients and clinicians should understand the practical differences between the two approaches before choosing treatment
- •ACS and APS may provide superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to intra-articular triamcinolone for managing osteoarthritis at the cellular level
- •The 50% concentration of ACS/APS appears optimal for suppressing inflammatory cytokines and catabolic enzymes in joint tissues
- •Consider autologous therapies as potential disease-modifying treatments that may better preserve cartilage integrity than corticosteroids alone
- •APS may offer faster anti-inflammatory effects than ACS in joint treatment since it requires no incubation time and immediately delivers high IL-1Ra concentrations
- •Both products appear to work by suppressing inflammatory signals rather than blocking cytokine production, suggesting complementary mechanisms with other therapies
- •In vitro results are promising but clinical efficacy in preventing PTOA remains to be demonstrated in controlled equine trials before changing treatment protocols
- •Pooled platelet lysate preparations may offer a standardized, off-the-shelf alternative to autologous PRP for treating joint inflammation in horses with potential chondroprotective benefits
- •This in-vitro evidence supports further clinical investigation, but results cannot yet be applied to live horses—clinical trials are needed before use in practice
- •The mechanism appears to involve modulation of inflammatory mediators and growth factor delivery rather than simple anti-inflammatory action
- •This foundational research provides cellular-level evidence supporting the clinical use of intra-articular stanozolol for managing osteoarthritis in horses
- •Understanding stanozolol's mechanism on joint cartilage cells may help explain why practitioners see clinical improvement in lameness when using this treatment
- •Results suggest stanozolol has direct anti-inflammatory effects on cartilage tissue, not just symptomatic pain relief
- •In vitro research using multi-tissue coculture models may better predict joint responses to inflammation and treatment than single-cartilage models, potentially improving translation of orthobiologic treatments to clinical use
- •Current OA treatments (NSAIDs, corticosteroids) provide pain relief but do not stop disease progression—orthobiologic approaches warrant further investigation through more physiologically relevant research models
- •Better preclinical models could reduce the need for in vivo research while improving confidence in treatment protocols before clinical application
- •If considering co-injection of antimicrobials with stem cell therapy in joints, verify that therapeutic concentrations do not impair stem cell viability or function in vitro
- •Hyaluronic acid is commonly used with joint injections; this study provides baseline data on whether it affects stem cell therapy efficacy
- •Prophylactic antimicrobial use with intra-articular BM-MSC injections requires safety validation to prevent iatrogenic cell damage
- •Systemic ASA does achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations in the fetlock joint, supporting its use for joint-related inflammation in horses
- •This ex vivo model provides a framework for understanding drug bioavailability to equine joints without requiring animal experiments, useful for evaluating other systemic treatments
- •For competition horses, understanding synovial salicylate kinetics is important given that threshold plasma and urine levels exist for equine sports testing
- •Early oral meloxicam treatment (starting at 2 hours post-injury) effectively reduces clinical signs of acute joint inflammation and may limit cartilage damage in synovitis cases
- •Meloxicam's anti-inflammatory effect extends beyond pain relief to suppress key inflammatory mediators and reduce matrix metalloproteinase activity that drives cartilage breakdown
- •Consider meloxicam as a first-line treatment for acute synovitis to address both immediate clinical signs and underlying inflammatory damage to articular cartilage
- •Understanding that joint inflammation triggers a cascade of cytokine production by chondrocytes themselves helps explain why early intervention in joint injuries is critical to prevent progressive cartilage damage
- •The consistent upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) supports the therapeutic rationale for anti-inflammatory treatments in joint disease management
- •Individual variation in TNF-α response suggests that horses may respond differently to inflammatory insults, potentially explaining why some develop OA more rapidly than others
- •Intra-articular corticosteroid injections may have protective effects on cartilage metabolism during inflammatory joint conditions, but effects are dose-dependent
- •The in vitro nature of this research suggests further clinical trials are needed before drawing conclusions about optimal dosing for joint injections in horses
- •Results indicate corticosteroids may help mitigate cartilage damage when inflammation is present, potentially supporting their use in managing early osteoarthritis
- •When evaluating serum or plasma-based orthobiologic treatments in vitro, consider that culture media composition significantly affects inflammatory marker expression and may bias results toward serum-supplemented treatments
- •Equine serum supplementation appears to have modest protective effects on cartilage health in inflamed joint conditions, which may warrant investigation as an adjunctive therapy consideration
- •In vitro study design choices regarding media formulation can substantially influence outcomes and should be transparently reported when comparing treatment efficacy in orthopedic research
- •This proof-of-concept work suggests a future diagnostic technique could detect cartilage disease at an earlier, more treatable stage than current imaging methods, potentially improving outcomes for joint problems.
- •The imaging dose of SPIONs did not trigger significant inflammatory markers in tissue culture, indicating acceptable safety profile for further investigation as an intra-articular diagnostic agent.
- •Further clinical research is needed before this technique becomes available in practice; current application remains experimental and not yet suitable for clinical use.
- •These molecular markers could improve diagnostic and research capabilities for distinguishing synovial involvement in equine joint disease
- •Better characterization of synovial membrane cells may lead to more targeted therapeutic approaches for joint pathology in horses
- •This foundational research provides tools for future studies on how the synovial membrane responds to trauma and inflammation
Key Research Findings
Meloxicam treatment prevented clinically significant lameness at 2, 4, and 8 hours post-synovitis induction, while control group showed progressive lameness
Meloxicam-treated horses exhibited lower rectal temperature 4 hours after synovitis induction compared to controls
Control group demonstrated increased neutrophils with decreased total hemoglobin and hematocrit 8 hours post-induction, indicating systemic inflammatory response
No significant changes in synovial fluid composition were detected between treatment and control groups
Triamcinolone acetonide produced significant residual anti-inflammatory effects on IL-6, PTGS1, lameness, SAA and cortisol after LPS-induced acute synovitis, whereas betamethasone only affected IL-6 expression.
Both corticosteroids caused significant and prolonged cortisol suppression even when administered as corticosteroid-only treatments without LPS challenge.
The acute synovitis model produced significant inflammation but may not reflect the low-grade inflammation seen in typical clinical joint disease, potentially underestimating residual effects.
Current regulatory guidelines regarding intra-articular corticosteroid administration may be insufficient to account for residual anti-inflammatory effects in naturally occurring joint disease.
Intra-articular isoflupredone acetate produced low and brief blood concentrations while maintaining higher synovial fluid concentrations in non-inflamed joints
Acute synovitis inflammation altered the pharmacokinetics of isoflupredone acetate compared to non-inflamed joint conditions
Pharmacodynamic effects of isoflupredone were measured including changes in joint circumference, joint flexion, and lameness in the experimental synovitis model
MSC-secretome treatment reduced joint circumference at 24 hours post-injection compared to medium control (p < 0.05)
MSC-secretome treatment increased peak synovial glycosaminoglycan (GAG) values at 24 hours post-injection (p < 0.001)
In direct comparison, MSC-secretome and whole MSC treatments produced comparable anti-inflammatory effects
MSC-secretome demonstrated clinical anti-inflammatory effects in the LPS-induced joint inflammation model
Evidence Base
de Carvalho Júlia Ribeiro Garcia, Del Puppo Debora, Littiere Thayssa de Oliveira et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science
RCT
Residual effects of intra-articular betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide in an equine acute synovitis model.
Partridge Emma, Adam Emma, Wood Courtney et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal
RCT
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intra-articular isoflupredone following administration to horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis.
Knych Heather K, Weiner Daniel, Harrison Linda et al. (2022) — BMC veterinary research
RCT
Treatment Effects of Intra-Articular Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome in an Equine Model of Joint Inflammation.
Kearney Clodagh M, Khatab Sohrab, van Buul Gerben M et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science
RCT
Influence of clinical and experimental intra-articular inflammation on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations in horses.
Frydendal Catina, Nielsen Katrine B, Berg Lise C et al. (2021) — Veterinary surgery : VS
RCT
Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase and Cyclooxygenases Enhance Joint Pain Control, Stimulate Collagen Synthesis, and Protect Chondrocytes From Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis.
Tucker Laura, Trumble Troy N, Groschen Donna et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science
RCT
Influence of an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on experimentally induced synovitis in horses.
Ross-Jones T N, McIlwraith C W, Kisiday J D et al. (2016) — Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition
RCT
In vivo effects of phenylbutazone on inflammation and cartilage-derived biomarkers in equine joints with acute synovitis.
de Grauw J C, van Loon J P A M, van de Lest C H A et al. (2014) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
RCT
Physiological and analgesic effects of continuous-rate infusion of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis.
Carregaro Adriano B, Freitas Gabrielle C, Ribeiro Martina H et al. (2014) — BMC veterinary research
RCT
The effects of three-month oral supplementation with a nutraceutical and exercise on the locomotor pattern of aged horses.
Higler M H, Brommer H, L'Ami J J et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal
RCT
Evaluation of samarium-153 for synovectomy in an osteochondral fragment-induced model of synovitis in horses.
Yarbrough T B, Lee M R, Hornof W J et al. (2000) — Veterinary surgery : VS
RCT
Investigation of synovial fluid lubricants and inflammatory cytokines in the horse: a comparison of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta-induced synovitis and joint lavage models.
Watkins Amanda, Fasanello Diana, Stefanovski Darko et al. (2021) — BMC veterinary research
Cohort Study
Preparation Technique Affects Recipient Immune Targeting of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
Rowland Aileen L, Burns Madison E, Levine Gwendolyn J et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Cohort Study
Expression of inflammatory and structural matrix genes in synovial fluid following intra-articular administration of isoflupredone acetate to exercised horses.
Knych H K, Harrison L, Chouicha N et al. (2018) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Cytokine, catabolic enzyme and structural matrix gene expression in synovial fluid following intra-articular administration of triamcinolone acetonide in exercised horses.
Knych H K, Vidal M A, Chouicha N et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Direct arthroscopic approach to the distal pouch of the palmar/plantar recess of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joint in horses.
Foucaud Mathieu, Haegeman Liesbeth, Kadic Dimitri et al. (2025) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Case Report
Evaluating the Safety of Intra-Articular Mitotherapy in the Equine Model: A Potential Novel Treatment for Osteoarthritis.
Cassano Jennifer M, Marycz Krzysztof, Horna Marta et al. (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Case Report
Identification and Quantification of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in Equine Articular Tissue.
Braucke Anne Franck Gallagher Vom, Frederiksen Nanna Lysemose, Berg Lise Charlotte et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Case Report
Macrophage Activation in the Synovium of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Equine Joints.
Menarim Bruno C, Gillis Kiersten H, Oliver Andrea et al. (2020) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Case Report
Differential modulation of inflammatory cytokines by recombinant IL-10 in IL-1β and TNF-α ̶ stimulated equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes: impact of washing and timing on cytokine responses.
Elkhenany Hoda A, Linardi Renata L, Ortved Kyla F (2024) — BMC veterinary research
Expert Opinion
Show 18 more references
Clodronate disodium is neither cytotoxic nor cytoprotective to normal and recombinant equine interleukin-1β-treated joint tissues in vitro.
Vergara-Hernandez Fernando B, Panek Char L, Nielsen Brian D et al. (2023) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Expert Opinion
Concurrent versus delayed exposure to corticosteroids in equine articular tissues cultured with local anesthetic.
Boorman Sophie, Hanson R Reid, Velloso Alvarez Ana et al. (2023) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Expert Opinion
Extracellular vesicles from equine mesenchymal stem cells decrease inflammation markers in chondrocytes in vitro.
Arévalo-Turrubiarte Magdalena, Baratta Mario, Ponti Giovanna et al. (2022) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Role of Innate Immunity in Initiation and Progression of Osteoarthritis, with Emphasis on Horses.
Estrada McDermott Juan, Pezzanite Lynn, Goodrich Laurie et al. (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Expert Opinion
A Comparative Review of Autologous Conditioned Serum and Autologous Protein Solution for Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Horses.
Camargo Garbin Livia, Morris Michael J (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Expert Opinion
Effects of Autologous Conditioned Serum, Autologous Protein Solution, and Triamcinolone on Inflammatory and Catabolic Gene Expression in Equine Cartilage and Synovial Explants Treated With IL-1β in Co-culture.
Velloso Alvarez Ana, Boone Lindsey H, Pondugula Satyanarayana R et al. (2020) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Expert Opinion
The Effect of Autologous Protein Solution on the Inflammatory Cascade in Stimulated Equine Chondrocytes.
Linardi Renata L, Dodson Michael E, Moss Kaitlyn L et al. (2019) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Expert Opinion
Pooled Platelet-Rich Plasma Lysate Therapy Increases Synoviocyte Proliferation and Hyaluronic Acid Production While Protecting Chondrocytes From Synoviocyte-Derived Inflammatory Mediators.
Gilbertie Jessica M, Long Julie M, Schubert Alicia G et al. (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Expert Opinion
Effects of stanozolol on normal and IL-1β-stimulated equine chondrocytes in vitro.
Castro Martins Mariana, Peffers Mandy J, Lee Katie et al. (2018) — BMC veterinary research
Expert Opinion
Comparison of the Effects of Interleukin-1 on Equine Articular Cartilage Explants and Cocultures of Osteochondral and Synovial Explants.
Byron Christopher R, Trahan Richard A (2017) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Expert Opinion
The effects of therapeutic concentrations of gentamicin, amikacin and hyaluronic acid on cultured bone marrow-derived equine mesenchymal stem cells.
Bohannon L K, Owens S D, Walker N J et al. (2013) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Synovial distribution of "systemically" administered acetylsalicylic acid in the isolated perfused equine distal limb.
Friebe Maren, Schumacher Stephan, Stahl Jessica et al. (2013) — BMC veterinary research
Expert Opinion
In vivo effects of meloxicam on inflammatory mediators, MMP activity and cartilage biomarkers in equine joints with acute synovitis.
de Grauw J C, van de Lest C H A, Brama P A J et al. (2009) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Cytokine and chemokine gene expression of IL-1beta stimulated equine articular chondrocytes.
David Florent, Farley Judith, Huang Hong et al. (2007) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Expert Opinion
The effects of methylprednisolone on normal and monocyte-conditioned medium-treated articular cartilage from dogs and horses.
Murphy D J, Todhunter R J, Fubini S L et al. (2000) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Expert Opinion
Culture Media Supplemented With 10% Equine Serum Provided Chondroprotection in an In Vitro Co-Culture of Cartilage and Synovial Membrane.
Velloso Alvarez Ana, Wooldridge Anne A, Fuller Joseph et al. (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Thesis
Effect of intra-articular administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for MRI assessment of the cartilage barrier in a large animal model.
Labens Raphael, Daniel Carola, Hall Sarah et al. (2017) — PloS one
Thesis
FOXO1, PXK, PYCARD and SAMD9L are differentially expressed by fibroblast-like cells in equine synovial membrane compared to joint capsule.
Thomsen Line Nymann, Thomsen Preben Dybdahl, Downing Alison et al. (2017) — BMC veterinary research
Thesis