Osteoarthritis: What the Research Says

Evidence from 162 peer-reviewed studies

9 Systematic Review
16 RCT
33 Cohort Study
30 Case Report
67 Expert Opinion
7 Thesis

What Professionals Should Know

  • •ESWT is a viable non-invasive therapeutic option for common performance-limiting musculoskeletal injuries in equine athletes, with established biological mechanisms supporting its use
  • •Treatment protocols should be tailored to the specific condition (tendinitis vs. desmitis vs. osteoarthritis vs. navicular syndrome) with optimized shock wave parameters
  • •Consider ESWT as part of a comprehensive injury management strategy to potentially reduce early retirement and improve return to performance
  • •PRP appears efficacious as an intra-articular treatment for equine osteoarthritis and may help with septic arthritis, though clinical outcomes vary significantly between product types
  • •Until standardized PRP classification and higher-quality randomized controlled trials are available, practitioners should carefully evaluate individual product evidence and maintain realistic expectations about treatment variability
  • •Consider PRP as part of a multimodal treatment approach for joint disease, but recognize current evidence quality limitations when counseling clients on expected outcomes
  • •Intra-articular orthobiologic therapies are a safe and evidence-supported treatment option for managing naturally occurring OA and lameness in horses, but product selection should be based on individual case assessment pending more specific clinical guidance
  • •When considering orthobiologics for your clients, recognize that current evidence does not yet distinguish which specific therapy (blood vs. MSC-derived), joint location, or OA stage responds best—future case documentation with standardized outcome measures will improve practice protocols
  • •Advocate for detailed case records and outcome tracking in your practice; standardized data collection across the industry will accelerate development of clearer clinical guidelines for orthobiologic application
  • •Reconsider routine prophylactic intra-articular antibiotic use and ensure dosing strategies are evidence-based rather than conventional practice
  • •Be aware that achieving high local concentrations does not guarantee efficacy and carries potential risks of local toxicity to joint tissues
  • •Use intra-articular antibiotics selectively for documented septic arthritis rather than as standard adjunctive therapy with other joint medications
  • •ECSWT remains an experimental treatment with insufficient evidence for routine clinical use in equine or companion animal practice
  • •If considering ECSWT, reserve use for short-term analgesia, ligament injury, or osteoarthritis cases where conventional options have failed, while acknowledging limited scientific support
  • •Request high-quality outcome data from ECSWT providers and maintain realistic client expectations regarding evidence base for this therapy
  • •Therapeutic ultrasound may increase tissue temperature therapeutically but lacks sufficient clinical evidence to support its use for musculoskeletal disorders in equine patients
  • •While experimental bone healing shows promise in dogs, translation to clinical equine practice is not yet supported by adequate scientific evidence
  • •Current evidence does not support recommending therapeutic ultrasound as a primary treatment for tendon, ligament, or joint conditions in sport horses based on this systematic review
  • •Be critical of preventative claims for shoeing, supplements and other modalities — current research shows variable efficacy, so tailor interventions to individual horses rather than using standardised protocols
  • •Track outcomes of your preventative approaches systematically; the gap between routine use and proven benefit suggests many current practices may need reassessment
  • •Advocate for evidence-based preventative strategies within your discipline — continued use of unproven measures delays development of genuinely effective protocols
  • •Surgical repair of cartilage defects should be pursued early, as untreated lesions will progress to chronic joint disease and lameness regardless of initial repair tissue formation
  • •Distinguish between repair (fibrocartilage formation) and regeneration (hyaline cartilage restoration) when evaluating treatment outcomes—repair alone may be insufficient long-term
  • •Consider that equine experimental models have relevance to clinical practice, but surgical technique selection should account for the lesion's location, size, and underlying cause (traumatic vs. degenerative)
  • •Exercise prescription for young horses should consider that training intensity and duration have lasting effects on joint tissue development; conservative, graduated exercise supports long-term joint health
  • •Mature horses require careful management of exercise load to maintain the physiologic adaptation balance; overtraining shifts homeostasis toward osteoarthritic changes even without obvious clinical signs
  • •Synovial fluid biomarker testing may help detect early homeostatic imbalance, but results should be interpreted cautiously and alongside clinical signs rather than as standalone diagnostic tools
  • •CMC hydrogel may be a more durable option for OA management in sport horses, particularly for cases where sustained lameness reduction beyond 30 days is desired
  • •The delayed onset (first improvement visible around 30 days) means owner expectations must be managed differently compared to corticosteroid/HA combinations that act faster
  • •Consider CMC for horses where repeated injections may be problematic, as the 90-day superiority suggests longer therapeutic window than traditional treatments
  • •While APS did not improve lameness or clinical swelling in this acute synovitis model, histological improvements suggest potential value may not be captured by lameness exams alone; consider joint pathology rather than solely clinical signs when evaluating treatment response.
  • •Single APS injection may modify tissue pathology in early synovitis, but timing (24 hours post-induction) and dosing protocols require further investigation before clinical recommendations can be made.
  • •Individual horse variability in both inflammatory response and APS composition means treatment response is unpredictable; this study does not support routine APS use as a standard treatment for acute synovitis based on current evidence.
  • •This nanogel delivery system shows promise as a potential osteoarthritis treatment option, with demonstrated tolerability in healthy joints at multiple dose levels, though efficacy in diseased joints requires further investigation
  • •The drug delivery technology allows prolonged release of bioactive receptor antagonist peptides combined with mechanical support from the polymer matrix, potentially offering dual therapeutic benefits
  • •Farriers and veterinarians should monitor for future clinical trial results, as this represents a novel approach to managing equine joint disease that goes beyond traditional corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections
  • •CBD oil supplementation can meaningfully reduce pain scores in arthritic horses beyond what conventional NSAIDs alone achieve—consider as adjunct to phenylbutazone in chronic cases
  • •Monitor vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate) in painful horses, as CBD showed measurable improvements; oxidative stress reduction suggests anti-inflammatory benefit
  • •At 0.03 mg/kg daily for 14 days, oral CBD appears safe and well-tolerated with no adverse effects reported—reasonable addition to existing pain management protocols
  • •A novel three-drug intra-articular combination showed superior clinical outcomes for carpal OA compared to standard steroid treatment, with measurable improvements in flexion and gait quality
  • •Biomarker monitoring (BGN262 and COMP156) may help objectively track cartilage status and treatment response rather than relying on clinical observation alone
  • •This novel combination appears safe with no reported adverse events, offering a potential alternative to conventional corticosteroid injections for managing OA-associated lameness
  • •Biota orientalis demonstrates measurable anti-inflammatory effects in experimentally induced OA, but clinical lameness improvements were not detected in this 10-week study
  • •Radiographic changes were more responsive to BO treatment than clinical or histological parameters, suggesting biochemical benefit may precede observable clinical improvement
  • •Results warrant investigation in naturally occurring OA cases before recommending this supplement for performance horses with osteoarthritis
  • •Combining sEH and COX inhibitors may offer superior pain relief and cartilage protection in joint disease compared to NSAIDs alone—consider investigating dual-therapy protocols for horses with osteoarthritis
  • •sEH inhibitors appear to have disease-modifying potential by protecting cartilage cells from inflammatory damage, not just symptom relief
  • •This work supports exploring sEH inhibitors as adjunctive therapy alongside traditional NSAIDs for conditions like radiocarpal joint disease
  • •Allogeneic chondrogenic mesenchymal stem cells combined with plasma may offer a viable intra-articular treatment option for equine osteoarthritis, with improvements in lameness and cartilage quality seen within 11 weeks
  • •Treatment was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events, making it a safe option to consider for horses with early to moderate metacarpophalangeal joint disease
  • •This proof-of-concept result is promising but based on a small sample size in an artificially-induced model; larger clinical trials are needed before widespread adoption in practice
  • •Dental pulp tissue particle injection shows promise for reducing lameness in both OA and soft tissue injuries, with effects observable within 2 weeks and maintained through 45 days
  • •Soft tissue injuries (desmitis/tendonitis) respond better to this treatment than osteoarthritis, suggesting mechanism may involve tissue regeneration rather than joint cartilage repair
  • •Long-term follow-up data indicates some horses maintain functional improvement for >2.5 years, though this requires confirmation in larger populations
  • •These two nutraceuticals show measurable anti-inflammatory effects in controlled synovitis conditions, suggesting potential preventive benefit, but clinical efficacy in field conditions remains unproven.
  • •The lack of lameness in this model limits interpretation of practical significance—further studies in naturally occurring joint disease or more severe inflammation are needed before clinical recommendations can be made.
  • •Both nutraceuticals were well-tolerated with no adverse effects observed, making them safe to trial in clinical practice pending larger field studies.
  • •This RCT provides evidence-based comparison of two common intra-articular injection protocols for joint disease; results may help practitioners choose the most cost-effective option for lame horses
  • •The study addresses a long-standing clinical question about whether adding hyaluronate to triamcinolone injections provides superior outcomes to justify the additional expense
  • •Multicentre field trial design means findings are applicable to working equine practice rather than controlled laboratory settings
  • •Intraarticular allogeneic adipose stem cells demonstrate clinical efficacy for canine osteoarthritis with measurable improvements in pain and function within 60 days
  • •The safety profile appears equivalent to placebo, making this a viable treatment option to discuss with clients managing dogs with OA
  • •While this study is in dogs, the mechanistic similarities to equine OA suggest potential applicability, though species-specific efficacy studies would be needed
  • •Despite some macroscopic cartilage improvements, this intravenous combination therapy did not demonstrate consistent clinical benefit across multiple outcome measures and requires further investigation before routine use in OA cases
  • •The lack of improvement in synovial fluid biomarkers and histologic cartilage scores suggests the treatment may not be modifying the underlying disease process as effectively as hoped
  • •Current evidence is insufficient to recommend this specific intravenous combination protocol for managing naturally occurring osteoarthritis in clinical practice
  • •Green-lipped mussel extract (LPPC) shows measurable clinical benefit for fetlock OA lameness in horses with significant pain reduction and improved joint function
  • •Treatment requires 56 days at 25 mg/kg daily to demonstrate efficacy, suggesting it is not an acute pain reliever but rather a longer-term joint supplement
  • •This is the first randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled evidence supporting LPPC use in horses, though fetlock-specific application limits generalisability to other joint locations
  • •Firocoxib at 0.1 mg/kg once daily is the effective dose for treating chronic osteoarthritis-related lameness in horses, with measurable improvements within 2-6 days of treatment
  • •Force plate measurements provide objective evidence of lameness improvement that may not be apparent on clinical grading alone, useful for evaluating treatment response
  • •Higher doses (0.25 mg/kg) offer no additional benefit over the 0.1 mg/kg dose, suggesting dose optimization can reduce costs without sacrificing efficacy
  • •Consider polyurethane synthetic shoes for horses prone to impact-related joint problems, as they demonstrably reduce peak vibrations during impact
  • •While unshod provides fastest vibration dissipation, PU shoes offer better damping for horses that need to remain shod
  • •Synthetic shoes show promise for osteoarthritis prevention, but long-term field data under realistic wear conditions is still needed before recommending them as standard preventive treatment
  • •Blood or synovial fluid biomarkers may enable earlier OA detection than current clinical and radiographic methods, allowing intervention before advanced joint damage
  • •Metabolomic/proteomic profiling could help stratify OA severity and monitor treatment efficacy in clinical practice
  • •Identifying disease-specific molecular signatures may guide personalized treatment selection and improve outcomes in OA management
  • •Synovial fluid microRNA profiling may enable earlier detection and monitoring of osteoarthritis progression in clinical cases
  • •Understanding temporal changes in microRNA expression could help predict disease course and inform treatment timing decisions
  • •MicroRNA analysis offers potential for developing non-invasive diagnostic tools to assess joint inflammation and cartilage degradation
  • •Long-term firocoxib use (years to multiple years) appears safe with minimal expected changes in routine bloodwork—expect only minor variations in protein, sodium, and WBC that are unlikely to be clinically significant
  • •Osteoarthritis remains the primary indication (56% of cases); firocoxib-treated horses tend to be older animals, so age-related considerations should guide monitoring protocols
  • •Routine laboratory monitoring during long-term firocoxib therapy does not need to focus on detecting drug-related hematologic or biochemical toxicity, allowing practitioners to concentrate on clinical signs and joint-specific assessments
  • •Pressure pain mapping could potentially become a complementary lameness assessment tool for evaluating peripheral sensitization in arthritic horses, but requires further validation on diseased joints before clinical implementation
  • •If adopting this technique, consistent inter-rater standardization is achievable (different assessors get similar results), but individual operator technique needs refinement to improve within-rater consistency
  • •Different joint sites show naturally different sensitivity thresholds in healthy horses—baseline normative data for your specific joints of interest should guide interpretation of clinical cases
  • •Tapentadol at 0.5 mg/kg is effective for managing chronic osteoarthritis pain in horses, with lameness improvements evident within the treatment period regardless of initial severity
  • •Monitor cortisol levels as an objective marker of pain-related stress reduction during treatment; restoration toward normal cortisol indicates successful pain management
  • •Low baseline plasma serotonin may help identify horses with chronic joint pain and poor wellbeing; use this alongside clinical signs to assess pain burden and treatment response
  • •Joint injections with triamcinolone may trigger metabolic changes that increase laminitis risk even in metabolically normal horses—consider timing and monitoring protocols
  • •Monitor for clinical signs of laminitis more closely following intra-articular corticosteroid injections, particularly in horses with any metabolic predisposition
  • •Alternative or adjunctive joint treatments should be considered for horses at higher laminitis risk, despite the cost and efficacy advantages of corticosteroid injections
  • •Intra-articular injection of allogeneic cord blood MSCs (10 million cells) reduced lameness in carpal and fetlock synovitis, with improvements sustained through Day 42
  • •Activated and non-activated MSC preparations showed similar efficacy, suggesting simpler non-activated preparations may be practical alternatives for clinical use
  • •This pilot data supports further investigation of MSCs as a treatment option for synovitis-related lameness, though controlled comparison to standard treatments is needed
  • •Synovial fluid cfDNA could potentially help clinicians identify and monitor early OA progression in horses, providing a novel diagnostic tool when traditional markers lack sensitivity
  • •Plasma cfDNA measurement alone is not reliable for OA diagnosis in horses—synovial fluid sampling is necessary, which may limit practical clinical application due to the invasive nature of joint taps
  • •This biomarker approach offers a cost-effective alternative to some existing diagnostics and may enable earlier intervention before significant cartilage damage occurs
  • •Blood collection for ACS production should be delayed at least 24 hours after intense exercise to optimize the anti-inflammatory cytokine profile of the final product
  • •Exhaustive exercise acutely reduces the therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential of non-commercial ACS preparations through decreased IL-1Ra and increased TNF-α
  • •Timing of blood collection significantly affects ACS quality in equine intra-articular therapy for osteoarthritis management
  • •Tiludronate is a very safe treatment option for lameness in horses, with minimal side effects reported in over 2,400 injections—mild colic is the main concern but occurs in <1% of cases
  • •Expect significant lameness improvement within 30 days in approximately half of treated horses, with sustained benefits at one year, making it suitable for performance horses
  • •Most competing horses maintain or improve their performance level post-treatment, supporting use in athletic populations seeking to return to sport
  • •MSC therapy may work partly through extracellular vesicles that modify the joint environment — understanding this mechanism could improve treatment protocols and patient selection
  • •The temporal protein changes suggest optimal timing for re-evaluation and potential repeat treatments may exist, worth investigating in your treatment planning
  • •This mechanistic research supports continued clinical use of MSCs in OA but highlights that blanket application without monitoring joint response may miss benefits
  • •Allogeneic freeze-dried products could streamline field use by eliminating the need for autologous collection, processing delays, and ultra-cold storage requirements
  • •Safety evaluation in healthy joints provides baseline data before considering therapeutic use in clinical osteoarthritis cases
  • •If safety confirmed, practitioners could stock ready-to-use hemoderivative products rather than managing individual autologous harvesting for each patient
  • •These extracellular vesicle-derived microRNA signatures may enable earlier detection of osteoarthritis through non-invasive blood or synovial fluid sampling before clinical signs appear
  • •Understanding the molecular communication pathways via extracellular vesicles could lead to new therapeutic interventions targeting early osteoarthritis progression
  • •These biomarkers could help monitor response to treatment in horses with osteoarthritis, though clinical validation studies are still needed
  • •Synovial fluid biomarkers could enable earlier detection of osteoarthritis before clinical signs appear, allowing intervention before tissue damage progresses
  • •Understanding sncRNA expression patterns in early OA may lead to new diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets for managing this common equine condition
  • •This research supports the development of molecular diagnostic approaches that could complement or improve upon current lameness and imaging-based OA detection methods
  • •Choice between commercial and non-commercial ACS preparation methods does not significantly affect therapeutic cytokine levels, allowing flexibility based on cost and availability
  • •Storing ACS with routine freeze/thaw cycles (up to 4 cycles) maintains cytokine efficacy; limit storage to avoid the 5th freeze/thaw cycle to preserve IL-1Ra concentrations
  • •Implement microbial contamination protocols carefully as commercial method showed contamination risk; verify aseptic technique and storage conditions regardless of preparation method
  • •Clodronate disposition data now available to guide dosing decisions for joint disease in horses, with documented safety monitoring parameters for renal function
  • •Synovial fluid penetration confirmed, supporting use in osteoarthritis and degenerative joint conditions
  • •Monitoring urinary excretion and renal indices recommended when using clodronate in clinical practice
  • •A simple blood test using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy may offer reliable, rapid diagnosis of osteoarthritis in horses without invasive procedures, potentially improving early detection and management
  • •This technology could become a practical diagnostic tool for equine practitioners if validated in larger populations and presymptomatic cases, though current evidence is limited to symptomatic versus control horses
  • •The non-invasive nature and potential cost-effectiveness make this approach promising for routine screening and monitoring of OA progression in clinical practice
  • •This pilot study suggests 2.5% cross-linked PAAG may be a viable treatment option for managing carpal and metacarpophalangeal joint lameness in racing Thoroughbreds, with sustained improvement over 24 weeks
  • •Results are preliminary and require blinded, controlled studies before clinical recommendations can be made
  • •The treatment appears safe, but mechanism of action requires further investigation
  • •Standard 24-hour incubation appears sufficient for ACS preparation in horses; extending to 36 hours provides no additional benefit in cytokine or growth factor yield
  • •Specialized equine ACS kits and commercial serum glass tubes produce equivalent results, potentially offering cost or accessibility advantages with standard tubes
  • •ACS preparation protocol does not need to be modified differently for OA versus non-OA horses as cytokine profiles are similar between groups
  • •A serum COMP neo-epitope biomarker may help identify early cartilage damage in lame horses, potentially enabling earlier intervention before irreversible joint changes occur
  • •The biomarker's transient response to exercise suggests it reflects acute cartilage stress, making it potentially useful for post-exercise lameness evaluation and training load assessment
  • •This test could complement traditional lameness diagnosis and imaging in horses presenting with joint-related lameness, though further validation across different joint types and conditions is needed
  • •Priming mesenchymal stem cells with inflammatory cytokines before injection may enhance their therapeutic effectiveness in treating joint disease compared to standard MSC protocols
  • •Repeat intra-articular MSC administration appears safe in the equine carpal joint, supporting further investigation of multiple-dose protocols for osteoarthritis management
  • •Outcomes assessment requires integrated evaluation (clinical signs, imaging, joint fluid analysis) rather than single parameters to fully characterize treatment response
  • •Obesity in horses is associated with altered gut bacterial communities; managing feed intake and energy density may help restore healthy microbiome balance and reduce metabolic dysfunction.
  • •Monitoring blood markers (leptin, glucose, triglycerides) alongside weight management can help identify metabolic changes linked to obesity and associated conditions like laminitis.
  • •Future therapies targeting specific bacterial populations may offer novel approaches to preventing obesity-related complications, though clinical applications require further development.
  • •This COMP neoepitope biomarker may enable detection of early cartilage damage before structural lesions appear on imaging, potentially allowing earlier intervention in lame horses
  • •A synovial fluid test based on this biomarker could help differentiate acute cartilage injury from chronic OA, informing prognosis and treatment decisions
  • •Further validation in clinical populations is needed before this assay can be adopted as a routine diagnostic tool in practice
  • •PRP response varies considerably between individual horses with OA — lack of response to joint anesthesia does not predict PRP failure, and vice versa
  • •Higher platelet concentrations in PRP do not guarantee better clinical outcomes for lameness in OA joints
  • •Kinetic gait analysis may help objectively measure response to intra-articular therapies, but radiographic OA severity alone cannot predict which horses will benefit from PRP
  • •Inertial sensors may offer a practical objective tool for detecting mild lameness that better correlates with clinical observation than force plates alone, potentially improving consistency of lameness diagnosis
  • •Force platforms alone may miss mild lameness cases that are detectable by experienced clinicians or sensor systems, suggesting they should not be used as sole diagnostic method
  • •Combining subjective evaluation with inertial-sensor technology may provide the most reliable detection of mild OA-related lameness in equine practice
  • •Do not rely solely on owner-reported health problems in geriatric horses; conduct thorough veterinary examinations as owners consistently underestimate disease prevalence, particularly for dental disease, cardiac murmurs, and lameness
  • •Implement improved owner education and increase veterinary involvement in geriatric horse care to enable earlier disease detection and intervention, especially for conditions not readily observable by owners
  • •Tarsal and metacarpophalangeal joint range of motion is significantly reduced in horses with osteoarthritis, providing objective assessment tools when owner reports may be unreliable
  • •Chondrocyte grafting with IGF-I is a viable treatment option for subchondral cystic lesions in the femoral condyle, with nearly 3 in 4 horses returning to work without lameness
  • •Older horses and those with existing osteoarthritis respond well to this treatment (80% success), making it a reasonable choice even in these populations rather than limiting treatment to younger horses
  • •This biological approach may offer better long-term outcomes than traditional arthroscopic debridement alone, particularly for horses intended to return to athletic use
  • •Early detection of cartilage degeneration at joint margins may serve as a prognostic indicator for overall joint health and disease progression in the MCP joint
  • •Loss of cartilage stiffness, not thickness, is the primary biomechanical consequence of degeneration—standard imaging may miss functional compromise until advanced stages
  • •Joint margin changes warrant investigation of central cartilage status, as deterioration at these sites correlates with reduced load-bearing capacity throughout the joint
  • •Synovial fluid biomarkers offer a more sensitive diagnostic method than radiographs for detecting early osteoarthritis in horses, enabling earlier intervention
  • •Measuring glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline levels can help quantify cartilage damage severity and monitor disease progression objectively
  • •Incorporating molecular marker analysis into lameness workups may improve early detection of degenerative joint disease before clinical signs become apparent
  • •When using synovial fluid biomarkers to diagnose early osteoarthritis, standardize the timing and frequency of joint taps and exercise history to avoid misinterpretation of results
  • •Multiple arthrocentesis procedures and recent exercise can alter biomarker concentrations, so document these variables when collecting and comparing synovial samples
  • •Baseline biomarker values in healthy joints are influenced by sampling technique and activity level—establish consistent pre-sampling protocols for reliable clinical comparison
  • •MMP-1 synovial fluid levels cannot be interpreted in isolation—account for the horse's age, exercise history, and previous joint sampling when assessing cartilage degradation
  • •Repeated arthrocentesis itself influences MMP activity, so baseline values and timing of sampling matter when monitoring joint health over time
  • •This biomarker has potential clinical utility for detecting early OA, but requires standardized protocols and knowledge of normal age-related and activity-related variation
  • •Serum COMP testing could provide a specific diagnostic tool for identifying joint disease in horses without requiring joint aspiration
  • •Lower serum COMP levels are associated with aseptic joint pathology, making it potentially useful for early detection of osteoarthritis
  • •The correlation between serum and synovial fluid COMP supports use of blood sampling as a non-invasive alternative to joint fluid analysis for monitoring joint health
  • •High-intensity training alters the distribution pattern of COMP in carpal cartilage, indicating mechanical loading influences this structural protein—may be relevant to understanding how training affects cartilage adaptation
  • •Dorsal and palmar carpal sites respond differently to loading, with palmar sites retaining more COMP; this topographical variation may affect injury susceptibility and should inform training and farriery decisions
  • •Early cartilage degeneration shows measurable changes in COMP distribution before gross fibrillation is evident, potentially providing a marker for early osteoarthritis detection and intervention timing
  • •NEM supplementation at 12 mg/kg appears well-tolerated and horses readily accept it, making compliance easier than some joint supplements
  • •Riders reported noticeable functional improvements in ridden work within 12 weeks, though objective lameness examination improvements were modest
  • •This shows promise for chronic lameness management but should be viewed as a potential complementary approach rather than a primary treatment until larger controlled trials confirm efficacy
  • •Llama polyclonal anti-TNF-α antibodies administered intra-articularly may offer a novel therapeutic option for sport horses with OA, showing pain relief without the cartilage metabolic complications of traditional NSAIDs
  • •The reduction in matrix metalloproteinase activity suggests this approach may slow cartilage degradation, potentially offering longer-term clinical benefit than conventional treatments
  • •Results are preliminary (case series level); controlled trials with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed before widespread clinical adoption
  • •Blood plasma miRNA profiles may eventually enable earlier OA/OCD detection before clinical lameness appears, though validation is still needed
  • •miR-140-5p elevation warrants further investigation as a potential biomarker for early OA intervention opportunities
  • •Current miRNA detection methods (NGS vs ddPCR) produce inconsistent results—standardisation is essential before plasma testing can become clinically useful
  • •Device selection for stall-side regenerative therapy may impact the concentration of therapeutic proteins like A2M delivered to the joint
  • •A2M quantification using standardized analytical methods provides objective comparison of orthobiologic product quality across different processing devices
  • •Understanding differences in A2M concentration between devices can help practitioners select treatments with potentially superior anti-inflammatory and enzyme-clearing properties
  • •Cannabinoid receptors are present in equine joint synovium and become more active during inflammation, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for managing joint pain and synovitis
  • •The upregulation of these receptors with synovitis indicates cannabinoid-based treatments may have a role in managing inflammatory joint conditions in horses
  • •Further research is needed to determine which specific synovial cell types express these receptors and how cannabinoid therapies might be optimized for equine joint disease
  • •Intra-articular mitochondrial injection shows promise as a safe treatment option for joint disease with no observable adverse reactions or lameness changes in the short term
  • •The transient mild synovial fluid changes within the first week appear to be self-limiting and do not warrant clinical concern
  • •This safety profile supports progression to efficacy trials, but clinical practitioners should await effectiveness data before considering this an established treatment option
  • •Equine-derived MSCs can successfully navigate to diseased joints when administered intravenously in dogs, suggesting cross-species MSC therapy warrants further investigation for OA treatment
  • •MSCs appear to preferentially accumulate at injury sites rather than distributing randomly, supporting their potential as targeted biological therapies for joint disease
  • •Safety profile appears favorable with no adverse effects observed in acute period, though long-term safety and therapeutic efficacy data remain limited
  • •Nasal cartilage remains a viable cell source for autologous chondrocyte implantation in horses, as cultured nasal chondrocytes maintain chondrocyte markers during expansion
  • •Individual horse variability in HOX expression is more significant than anatomical location, suggesting donor screening may be important for cell-based cartilage repair
  • •The adaptive capacity of nasal chondrocytes observed in other species may operate through mechanisms other than HOX gene regulation, warranting further investigation
  • •A new objective pain assessment tool combining behaviour and facial expressions has been developed for chronic pain in horses, though further validation is needed before clinical adoption
  • •Behavioural observations are more reliable than facial expression assessment alone for identifying chronic pain in horses
  • •This scale may help standardise chronic pain evaluation across different horses and conditions, potentially improving welfare assessment and treatment decisions
  • •This study is not applicable to equine practice—it concerns human hand joint pathology, not equine conditions
  • •The research is relevant only to human rheumatology and orthopedics, outside the scope of equine disciplines
  • •NGF levels in synovial fluid may serve as a biomarker to differentiate healthy joints from those with osteoarthritis or septic inflammation in horses
  • •Understanding NGF signalling pathways in equine joints could inform development of novel therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis management
  • •Further research on NGF receptor expression and downstream signalling is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications for joint disease in horses
  • •Chronic joint inflammation in osteoarthritis appears driven by loss of macrophage homeostatic function rather than a simple M1/M2 shift; future treatments should focus on restoring resolution mechanisms rather than just suppressing inflammation.
  • •Measuring synovial fluid IL-10 and MCP-1 ratios may help identify joints where inflammatory resolution has failed and guide intervention timing.
  • •Current anti-inflammatory approaches may be insufficient; consider therapeutic strategies that actively promote tissue healing and inflammatory resolution once diagnosis is confirmed.
  • •TRPV1 receptors are present and upregulated in inflamed equine joints, suggesting they may be a viable therapeutic target for managing joint pain and osteoarthritis in horses
  • •Current findings are exploratory; do not yet inform treatment decisions, but future TRPV1-targeted therapies could offer disease-modifying approaches rather than just symptomatic relief for lameness
  • •More research is needed to understand the clinical significance and translate these molecular findings into practical interventions for equine joint disease
  • •Synovium-based stem cell constructs represent a proof-of-concept regenerative approach to cartilage repair that may eventually prevent osteoarthritis progression following traumatic joint injury.
  • •BMP-2 gene engineering of mesenchymal stem cell constructs substantially enhanced their chondrogenic potency both in laboratory and in vivo animal models, suggesting optimized construct design matters.
  • •This technology requires further development before clinical application in horses, but the equine-derived constructs used in this research indicate species-specific refinement is underway.
  • •Synovial membrane-derived stem cells do not show the expected chondrogenic advantage over bone marrow sources for cartilage repair in horses using standard culture methods
  • •Both cell sources are viable for potential therapeutic use, but current differentiation protocols do not favour one source over the other for cartilage regeneration
  • •Further research into enhanced culture conditions or priming methods may be needed to unlock the theoretical advantage of synovial-derived cells
  • •Use 3D printed cervical joint models for hands-on ultrasound-guided injection training instead of requiring access to cadaveric specimens—reduces cost and improves training accessibility
  • •These simulators allow veterinarians to practice precise needle placement and minimize injection complications before performing procedures on live horses
  • •Training on validated 3D models can improve technical proficiency in intra-articular glucocorticoid injections used routinely in racehorses with joint pain
  • •Changes in lubricin glycosylation occur early in osteoarthritis development and may serve as a biochemical marker for detecting joint disease before structural lesions become apparent
  • •Understanding lubricin degradation pathways could inform therapeutic strategies targeting joint surface protection and early intervention in at-risk horses
  • •Synovial fluid analysis for lubricin glycosylation profiles may help differentiate normal joints from those with early degenerative changes in clinical practice
  • •This technique enables tissue collection for joint research in standing horses without general anesthesia, reducing costs and recovery time compared to traditional methods
  • •The tarsocrural joint model using reIL-1β provides a controlled experimental system for testing new joint therapies relevant to hock disease management
  • •Practitioners can monitor lameness objectively throughout experimental protocols when using this minimally invasive approach, improving the validity of pain assessment studies
  • •If treating avian patients with Adequan, strict adherence to 1 mg/kg dosing is critical to avoid bleeding complications
  • •Higher doses of Adequan (≥5 mg/kg) carry significant coagulopathy risk in birds and should be avoided
  • •This dosing information differs from equine/canine protocols, requiring species-specific prescribing caution
  • •Low-dose oral doxycycline penetrates joint tissue effectively and accumulates in synovial fluid, supporting its potential use for osteoarthritis management in horses
  • •The 4.6-fold higher synovial fluid exposure compared to plasma suggests clinical dosing protocols may differ from those based on plasma kinetics alone
  • •Further clinical studies are needed before implementing routine doxycycline treatment for equine osteoarthritis, as optimal dosing intervals and durations remain undefined
  • •TNF-α inhibition may be a promising therapeutic target for managing equine osteoarthritis across all severity grades
  • •ADAMTS-4 appears to be the primary enzyme responsible for cartilage proteoglycan breakdown in equine OA, potentially offering a specific intervention point
  • •Synovial fluid TNF-α concentration may serve as a useful biomarker for identifying severe OA cases requiring more aggressive intervention
  • •MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity levels in synovial fluid may help differentiate between septic and aseptic joint disease in horses, potentially supporting clinical diagnosis
  • •Serial measurement of MMP activities could serve as an objective biomarker to monitor treatment response in septic arthritis cases
  • •These biomarkers may supplement clinical examination and traditional diagnostic methods but require further validation before routine clinical adoption
  • •Type Ia P1 fractures in non-racing horses should be surgically repaired with lag screw fixation rather than managed conservatively, as conservative treatment shows poor healing rates (25%) and high risk of catastrophic fracture propagation
  • •When concurrent subchondral cystic lesions are present, transcortical drilling and curettage performed simultaneously with fracture fixation improves outcomes
  • •Non-surgical management results in persistent lameness in 75% of cases and delayed catastrophic failure months to years later, making early surgical intervention the preferred approach
  • •Understanding BSP localisation at the cartilage-bone junction may help explain progressive joint damage in racing horses with early osteoarthritis
  • •The interface zone appears to be a key target area for potential therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing or slowing osteoarthritic progression
  • •Recognition that multiple joint tissue components interact in OA pathogenesis supports need for multi-modal management approaches rather than single-tissue focus
  • •Osteoarthritis in the fetlock develops progressively with predictable anatomical patterns; early detection using imaging should focus on medial dorsal cartilage surfaces where changes appear first
  • •Age alone is not the primary driver of fetlock OA—biomechanical factors (loading patterns, conformation, training intensity) play a critical role, suggesting management interventions targeting movement and workload can slow progression
  • •The heterogeneous distribution of cartilage damage across the joint surface supports tailored therapeutic approaches such as targeted joint injections or farriery modifications to redistribute loading pressure
  • •Age-related thickening of calcified cartilage may represent a compensatory or degenerative change relevant to understanding OA development in performance horses
  • •Joint loading patterns and regional pressure distribution directly influence cartilage structure, supporting the importance of appropriate conditioning and work management
  • •Early understanding of calcified cartilage morphology changes may help identify horses at risk for joint disease before clinical signs appear
  • •CaPPS at 2 mg/kg i.m. achieves therapeutic concentrations in joint synovial fluid, supporting further investigation of this drug for treating equine osteoarthritis
  • •This pharmacokinetic data provides justification for clinical efficacy trials, which are currently lacking in the equine literature
  • •The relationship between plasma and synovial fluid drug concentrations has been established, enabling evidence-based dosing protocols for future therapeutic studies
  • •Synovial fluid biomarker profiles differ between horse breeds and activity types; interpretation of cartilage injury markers should account for breed-specific metabolic characteristics
  • •Decreased COMP and aggrecan in synovial fluid may indicate progression of cartilage degeneration in performance horses, potentially useful for staging osteoarthritis severity
  • •Collagen type II release patterns differ between breeds, suggesting different biomechanical loading and cartilage degradation mechanisms that may inform breed-specific management of middle carpal joint disease
  • •Conservative management of SCL may fail because the fibrous tissue lining the cyst actively produces bone-resorbing factors; understanding this pathophysiology supports consideration of more aggressive interventions like debridement or injection therapies.
  • •The high local PGE2 production suggests anti-inflammatory treatments targeting prostaglandin pathways warrant investigation as adjunctive therapies alongside mechanical treatments.
  • •Lesions that appear stable radiographically may still be biologically active due to ongoing mediator production; clinical monitoring should not rely solely on imaging.
  • •Navicular disease involves progressive cartilage degeneration similar to osteoarthritis, supporting the need for early intervention and long-term management strategies
  • •Understanding that fibrocartilage undergoes osteoarthritic changes helps explain the chronic, progressive nature of navicular disease in practice
  • •Histological evidence of cartilage degradation supports the rationale for treatments aimed at slowing degenerative processes rather than expecting full recovery
  • •Understanding snoRNA function may eventually lead to novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets for equine osteoarthritis, though clinical applications are not yet available
  • •This represents fundamental research into disease mechanisms rather than immediately actionable clinical guidance for managing OA cases
  • •Perform thorough pre-exercise assessment of each horse's strength, symmetry and postural control before designing conditioning or rehabilitation programmes
  • •Incorporate core strengthening exercises into regular training to improve stability and reduce re-injury risk in working horses
  • •Tailor exercise programmes to individual needs rather than using one-size-fits-all approaches to maximise both performance and welfare outcomes
  • •Senior horses (≥15 years) require consistent routine care: expect to perform farrier work every 5-6 weeks and coordinate with veterinarians and dental specialists on regular schedules, as retired horses show significantly worse compliance with all preventative care
  • •Plan for high prevalence of concurrent conditions—64% of senior horses have at least one diagnosed medical condition; osteoarthritis, dental disease, and lameness account for the majority, requiring integrated management strategies
  • •Advocate for maintenance therapy in senior horses: the widespread use of firocoxib and joint supplements reflects evidence-based management of degenerative conditions common in this population
  • •Intra-articular polyacrylamide gel shows good clinical acceptance for chronic joint problems, particularly when other treatments have failed—consider as part of your therapeutic toolkit for osteoarthritis cases
  • •Expect variable recovery timelines and outcomes across your peer group; standardized post-treatment rehabilitation protocols are needed to optimize results
  • •Low complication rates reported suggest this is a relatively safe intervention, but lack of standardized guidelines means you'll need to develop your own evidence-based treatment and rehabilitation approach
  • •Senior horses competing successfully into their late teens/early twenties commonly present with osteoarthritis and gastric ulcers; practitioners should anticipate managing these concurrent conditions in aging athletes
  • •Nearly half of competing seniors show no diagnosed medical conditions, suggesting selective breeding/management practices or that many aging horses remain athletically viable with appropriate care strategies
  • •Stiffness and joint flexibility loss are the most frequently reported clinical signs by owners, indicating this should be a key focus area for preventive management, conditioning, and therapeutic interventions in senior competitors
  • •Don't treat the joint in isolation—perform complete lameness exams on all four limbs plus spine/posture assessment before starting any OA protocol
  • •Screen for gastric ulcers and metabolic disease before prescribing NSAIDs or other systemic treatments, as these conditions affect drug tolerance and treatment efficacy
  • •Plan a coordinated multi-modal strategy combining your farriery work with the vet's intra-articular injections, owner's exercise programme, and any physio input for optimal results
  • •A validated owner-assessment tool for equine chronic pain is in development and may soon provide veterinarians with a standardized, easy-to-use method for monitoring pain and quality-of-life changes in arthritic horses.
  • •The instrument's 5-minute completion time and accessible reading level make it practical for routine clinical use across diverse owner populations.
  • •Current validation is ongoing with a larger sample (60 OA and 20 control horses); full validation results will be needed before clinical implementation.
  • •Nearly 40% of senior horses are fully retired; early identification and management of health problems may extend working life and maintain functional muscle mass
  • •One in six senior horses has clinically apparent low muscle mass—implement structured exercise programs and nutritional management to prevent sarcopenia and maintain welfare
  • •Endocrine diseases (PPID), joint conditions, and laminitis are strong drivers of muscle loss in older horses; targeted management of these conditions may preserve muscular function
  • •IL-10 shows promise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for equine osteoarthritis, but in vivo efficacy remains to be demonstrated in clinical trials
  • •The timing and context of anti-inflammatory treatment delivery may be critical—therapeutic effect depends on the inflammatory environment present at time of administration
  • •Further work is needed to translate these in vitro findings to intra-articular injection protocols, dosing regimens, and clinical outcomes in lame horses
  • •Standing CT technology now enables non-invasive early detection of subchondral bone changes before clinical lameness appears, allowing for preventive intervention strategies.
  • •SCB abnormalities are emerging as valuable biomarkers for predicting OA and fracture risk, suggesting monitoring these changes could guide management decisions for at-risk horses.
  • •Combining advanced imaging with AI tools promises to move from reactive treatment toward predictive medicine, potentially extending athletic careers and improving long-term soundness outcomes.
  • •Serum NGF may represent a biomarker worth measuring in lame horses suspected of osteoarthritis, potentially aiding diagnosis and monitoring
  • •NGF's association with pain suggests it could be a therapeutic target, though further equine-specific research is needed before clinical application
  • •Stress management in arthritic horses may be important if serum NGF elevation contributes to pain perception, as seen in human patients
  • •Acellular MSC therapies (particularly extracellular vesicles) may offer safer alternatives to cellular therapies with easier standardization, storage, and regulatory approval for clinical use.
  • •When considering MSC-based treatments, the source tissue, culture methods, and activation state of cells significantly impact therapeutic efficacy for your patients.
  • •This emerging research suggests future regenerative treatments for OA may not require live cell administration, potentially improving safety profiles and practical implementation in equine practice.
  • •Autologous conditioned serum did not provide the expected therapeutic benefit for osteoarthritis in these in vitro models, raising questions about clinical efficacy claims
  • •The biochemical changes induced by serum incubation (higher IL-1Ra) did not prevent cartilage matrix degradation in laboratory conditions, suggesting limited protective mechanisms
  • •While this is an in vitro study with limited direct clinical translation, practitioners should remain cautious about expecting dramatic anti-inflammatory effects from ACS treatments based on current evidence
  • •The presence of cannabinoid receptors in equine joint synovium provides a biological basis for investigating cannabinoid compounds as potential anti-inflammatory therapies for joint disease in horses
  • •Understanding receptor distribution in the MCP joint may inform future development of targeted treatments for joint inflammation and early osteoarthritis
  • •This foundational work supports further investigation into endocannabinoid system modulation as a novel therapeutic approach for performance horses at high risk of MCP joint pathology
  • •Bisphosphonates offer a multi-target approach to bone disease management in horses beyond simple anti-resorptive effects, including pain and inflammation reduction
  • •Understanding the distinction between nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous bisphosphonates is critical, as only non-nitrogenous forms are approved for equine use
  • •Practitioners should review current safety data and regulatory guidelines before implementing bisphosphonate therapy in clinical practice
  • •ESWT technology has evolved significantly with electrohydraulic systems now dominant; ensure your chosen system can properly focus and control the therapeutic waveform
  • •While ESWT shows experimental and clinical promise for common orthopaedic problems (navicular, tendinopathy, suspensory lesions), definitive protocol recommendations don't yet exist—treatment decisions should remain based on individual case assessment
  • •Current safety advancements including hearing protection and light sedation protocols should be standard practice; continued research is refining optimal treatment parameters
  • •Refer to the corrected version of this review rather than the original publication when seeking current information on gene therapy for equine OA
  • •Gene therapy represents an emerging therapeutic approach for equine osteoarthritis that practitioners should monitor as research develops
  • •Equine serum supplementation may be superior to traditional FBS for culturing MSCs intended for joint therapy, as it enhanced immunomodulatory function and T cell suppression
  • •Platelet lysate media—particularly autologous or pooled sources—provide inherent therapeutic growth factors (PDGF-BB, TGF-β, IL-10) without xenogenic contamination risks associated with fetal bovine serum
  • •Consider equine serum or platelet lysate expansion protocols when sourcing MSCs for regenerative medicine applications to optimize anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties
  • •Gene therapy represents an emerging experimental treatment option for equine OA that may progress to clinical use; monitor literature for clinical trial opportunities
  • •Current evidence is still preclinical/experimental—gene therapy is not yet standard clinical practice, so continue conventional lameness management strategies
  • •Understanding that OA involves multiple joint tissues (not just cartilage) supports multimodal therapeutic approaches beyond single-agent interventions
  • •2.5% PAAG offers a long-acting injectable alternative for managing OA in lame horses, with over 80% remaining sound at 2-year follow-up
  • •This treatment works through physical integration and joint protection rather than anti-inflammatory mechanisms, representing a different approach to conventional intra-articular medications
  • •Safety profile appears excellent with no reported neurotoxicity or fibrosis, making it suitable for performance horses where joint integrity is critical
  • •Biological therapies like autologous conditioned serum have gained considerable traction in equine joint therapy over the past decade and are now widely used by practitioners
  • •Triamcinolone acetonide remains the gold standard corticosteroid for high-motion joints, while methylprednisolone acetate is preferred for low-motion joints
  • •Clinical practice patterns are shifting faster than supporting scientific evidence in some cases, suggesting the need to critically evaluate emerging therapies against current research
  • •ACS and APS are cytokine-modulating therapies targeting IL-1β in joint disease; both show promise but differ in production methods and may have variable clinical results depending on patient factors
  • •These are blood-derived products with anti-inflammatory properties that may slow OA progression, but clinicians should understand that clinical outcomes vary and further research is needed to predict individual response
  • •When considering ACS or APS for joint disease, recognize that both work through similar mechanisms (IL-1Ra elevation) but clients and clinicians should understand the practical differences between the two approaches before choosing treatment
  • •OA requires individualized management based on its specific etiology (trauma, overuse, or degenerative), as it is not a single disease—tailor prevention and treatment accordingly.
  • •Anti-inflammatory treatments targeting macrophage activity and innate immunity may offer better long-term outcomes than approaches that only address acute inflammation symptoms.
  • •Understanding immune modulation in OA can help practitioners select from various therapeutic options (including novel immunotherapies) based on individual horse response and disease stage.
  • •UC-II supplementation may offer a more effective alternative to traditional joint supplements (glucosamine/chondroitin) at lower doses for companion animals with joint disease
  • •Consider UC-II as a therapeutic option for osteoarthritis management in large breed dogs and horses
  • •Further research is needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and clinical outcomes in equine patients
  • •Bone marrow-derived nanoparticles represent a promising cell-free alternative to stem cell therapy for joint disease, potentially offering easier storage and administration
  • •This fundamental research supports further investigation into nanoparticle-based treatments for osteoarthritis in horses, though clinical efficacy remains unproven
  • •While preliminary, these findings may eventually lead to new injectable therapeutics for degenerative joint conditions, but clinical trials are needed before practical application
  • •ACS and APS may provide superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to intra-articular triamcinolone for managing osteoarthritis at the cellular level
  • •The 50% concentration of ACS/APS appears optimal for suppressing inflammatory cytokines and catabolic enzymes in joint tissues
  • •Consider autologous therapies as potential disease-modifying treatments that may better preserve cartilage integrity than corticosteroids alone
  • •CB2 receptor agonists offer a potential pain management option for horses with chronic degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis when conventional NSAIDs and steroids are ineffective or contraindicated
  • •Unlike CB1-activating cannabinoids, CB2-selective agonists avoid psychoactive side effects, making them safer for performance and therapeutic use in equine patients
  • •This therapeutic avenue may address treatment-resistant pain in horses with individual sensitivities or contraindications to traditional anti-inflammatory medications
  • •PRP offers a more accessible alternative to stem cell therapy for managing osteoarthritis in horses, though standardization of preparation methods is needed
  • •Inconsistency in PRP production and application means clinical outcomes may vary; practitioners should be aware that evidence quality is still limited despite theoretical benefits
  • •Before investing in PRP treatments, verify the preparation protocol being used, as different methods produce substantially different products with potentially different efficacy
  • •Serum proteoglycan-4 may serve as a biomarker for joint stress following intense exercise; further research needed to determine if abnormal responses indicate predisposition to joint injury
  • •Monitor horses showing unusual joint-related responses to intense exercise, as lubricin mobilization kinetics may reflect individual joint health status
  • •Current findings are preliminary; cannot yet be applied clinically but warrant investigation in horses with chronic joint problems versus sound athletes
  • •This refined experimental model reduces the number of horses needed for osteoarthritis treatment studies by inducing disease in all 4 fetlock joints simultaneously, improving both ethics and cost-effectiveness of equine research
  • •The consistency of lesion development across horses and limbs (except minor hind/left differences) makes this a reliable platform for testing new osteoarthritis therapies before clinical application
  • •Farriers and veterinarians should understand that translational osteoarthritis research using horses is increasingly efficient and applicable to human medicine, potentially accelerating development of treatments beneficial to both species
  • •Intra-articular aminoglycoside use requires careful dose consideration as toxicity to joint resident cells has been demonstrated and safe dosing protocols are not yet established
  • •When treating septic arthritis or co-injecting with osteoarthritis medications, veterinarians should weigh the antimicrobial benefits against demonstrated chondrocyte and synovial cell toxicity
  • •Further in vivo studies are needed to establish safe intra-articular aminoglycoside dosing protocols for equine joint injections
  • •Synovial membrane-derived stem cells may be a superior cell source for cartilage regeneration therapies due to reduced hypertrophic differentiation under physiologic oxygen conditions
  • •The hypoxic microenvironment of joint lesions may naturally favor synovial-derived cells over bone marrow-derived alternatives for maintaining stable cartilage phenotype
  • •Consider source tissue carefully when selecting stem cells for intra-articular injection—synovial origin shows mechanistic advantage for chondral repair
  • •Freeze-dried allogeneic platelet lysate may offer a practical alternative to autologous PRP, eliminating the need for patient blood collection, laboratory processing, and cold storage while maintaining efficacy
  • •If pursuing platelet lysate therapy, intermediate concentrations appear optimal—higher is not necessarily better and may reduce therapeutic benefit
  • •This in vitro work suggests freeze-dried platelet products warrant clinical investigation, but clinical efficacy in living horses with OA remains to be demonstrated
  • •HA is an evidence-based therapeutic option for managing joint disease in horses; understanding that molecular weight matters will help you select appropriate products for your patients
  • •HA works through multiple biological pathways to reduce arthritic changes, not just as a lubricant—this supports its use early in joint disease before significant cartilage loss occurs
  • •HA's broad therapeutic applications beyond joints (wound healing, ophthalmology, dermatology) may offer additional clinical opportunities in equine practice
  • •This foundational research provides cellular-level evidence supporting the clinical use of intra-articular stanozolol for managing osteoarthritis in horses
  • •Understanding stanozolol's mechanism on joint cartilage cells may help explain why practitioners see clinical improvement in lameness when using this treatment
  • •Results suggest stanozolol has direct anti-inflammatory effects on cartilage tissue, not just symptomatic pain relief
  • •Cell-based therapy products vary widely in composition and effectiveness — understand the specific preparation method and source material (adipose, bone marrow, or whole blood derived) of any product you consider using
  • •Treatment outcomes depend heavily on case selection (disease stage and type of injury); early-stage OA or soft tissue injuries may respond differently than advanced joint disease
  • •Until regulatory standards are established, critically evaluate the evidence quality and manufacturing consistency of any cell-based therapy product before clinical application
  • •CT and MRI should be considered when early cartilage damage is suspected but conventional radiographs appear normal, particularly in high-value performance horses
  • •These advanced imaging modalities enable more precise characterization of joint pathology, potentially improving treatment decisions and prognosis estimates
  • •Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols and clinical thresholds for equine cartilage evaluation using CT and MRI techniques
  • •Pooled platelet lysate preparations may offer a standardized, off-the-shelf alternative to autologous PRP for treating joint inflammation in horses with potential chondroprotective benefits
  • •This in-vitro evidence supports further clinical investigation, but results cannot yet be applied to live horses—clinical trials are needed before use in practice
  • •The mechanism appears to involve modulation of inflammatory mediators and growth factor delivery rather than simple anti-inflammatory action
  • •Consider acupuncture and spinal manipulation as complementary pain management tools for geriatric horses with chronic laminitis or osteoarthritis when conventional treatments are insufficient
  • •Integrative therapies may help manage musculoskeletal stiffness and muscle hypertonicity in aged horses, potentially improving comfort and function
  • •These approaches provide additional diagnostic and management options for the growing population of senior horses in practice
  • •Subchondral bone changes often precede cartilage damage in osteoarthritis development—early detection via advanced imaging (CT/MRI) may enable earlier intervention before irreversible joint changes occur
  • •Managing repetitive loading stresses through appropriate conditioning, farrier care, and exercise modification is critical for preventing subchondral bone pathology rather than treating established disease
  • •Current treatment options remain limited by incomplete understanding of subchondral bone mechanics; focus should be on prevention and early detection rather than expecting curative therapies
  • •In vitro research using multi-tissue coculture models may better predict joint responses to inflammation and treatment than single-cartilage models, potentially improving translation of orthobiologic treatments to clinical use
  • •Current OA treatments (NSAIDs, corticosteroids) provide pain relief but do not stop disease progression—orthobiologic approaches warrant further investigation through more physiologically relevant research models
  • •Better preclinical models could reduce the need for in vivo research while improving confidence in treatment protocols before clinical application
  • •SF-derived MSCs from horses and sheep can be reliably isolated and characterized for potential joint disease therapies, with quantum dot labelling enabling effective cell tracking in research and clinical applications
  • •Species-specific differentiation patterns should be considered when selecting MSC sources for particular therapeutic goals—equine cells favor adipogenesis while ovine cells favor chondrogenesis
  • •Standardized labelling protocols using quantum dots at 2-10 nmol/L provide efficient, trackable cell preparations for evaluating MSC behavior in joint environments
  • •Surgeons should familiarize themselves with both traditional and novel cartilage repair techniques to expand treatment options for horses with joint injuries
  • •Early intervention with regenerative medicine approaches may help prevent or delay progression to osteoarthritis in horses with cartilage defects
  • •Understanding the expanding surgical possibilities for cartilage repair may encourage adoption of innovative techniques in clinical practice
  • •Leukocyte content in PRP preparations significantly affects the cartilage response; clinicians should consider whether L-PRG or P-PRG is more appropriate for their intended application in OA management
  • •This research helps clarify optimal platelet and leukocyte concentrations for intra-articular use, informing which PRP preparation type may provide superior anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects
  • •Results provide mechanistic evidence for how different PRP formulations influence cartilage metabolism and breakdown, supporting more targeted treatment protocols
  • •Intra-articular MSC therapy may have reduced efficacy in inflamed joints typical of osteoarthritis, as the inflammatory environment inhibits the cells' ability to differentiate into cartilage-producing chondrocytes
  • •Synovial fluid-derived MSCs appear more resistant to inflammatory inhibition than bone marrow-derived MSCs, suggesting source selection may be important for arthritis cases
  • •Anti-inflammatory management alongside MSC therapy may be necessary to optimize chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage repair outcomes
  • •Several experimental cell-based cartilage repair techniques are available for horses with articular surface damage, though none are standard treatments—discuss emerging options like stem cell therapy and scaffold-based chondrocyte implantation with your veterinarian for individual cases.
  • •Preventive management and early intervention are critical since cartilage has poor intrinsic healing and joint disease remains a major cause of athletic retirement.
  • •Consult with veterinary specialists experienced in regenerative medicine techniques as these approaches vary significantly in availability, efficacy, and cost.
  • •When evaluating research on OA treatments and diagnostics, consider which animal model was used—findings from rodent models may not directly translate to equine OA due to differences in joint mechanics and disease progression
  • •Large animal models (sheep, goat, horse) more closely replicate human and equine OA pathology than small rodents, making them more clinically relevant for pre-clinical testing of joint therapies
  • •Research into early OA detection and disease-modifying treatments is still developing; current clinical tools are limited, so staying informed about emerging diagnostic methods from animal studies is important
  • •Stem cell therapies for osteoarthritis in horses and dogs are currently available commercially but lack sufficient rigorous clinical evidence to support their use
  • •The gap between marketing claims and scientific proof suggests practitioners should approach these treatments with caution until better-controlled studies demonstrate efficacy
  • •Tissue engineering approaches show more promise than current stem cell therapies and may represent the future direction of this treatment modality
  • •Low-dose doxycycline can be used therapeutically for osteoarthritis management in horses without the concern of promoting bacterial resistance at typical equine pathogenic doses
  • •This approach offers a practical, affordable option for managing joint inflammation and cartilage degradation in equine practice
  • •The dual benefit of MMP-13 inhibition suggests doxycycline may slow degenerative processes while maintaining normal bacterial flora
  • •Both triamcinolone acetonide and methylprednisolone acetate show similar anti-inflammatory effects on cartilage at the molecular level, so choice between them may depend on factors other than direct chondroprotection
  • •These corticosteroids appear to work partly by reducing matrix-degrading enzyme activity (MMP13) and inflammatory mediators (COX2), supporting their use in joint injections for osteoarthritis
  • •The similar efficacy of both drugs at inhibiting cartilage catabolism suggests clinical differences may result from pharmacokinetic properties rather than inherent biological activity on chondrocytes
  • •Joint effusion detection on radiographs is highly subjective and experience-dependent; inexperienced practitioners should seek expert interpretation to avoid false positive diagnoses
  • •Radiographic grading of effusion severity should not be relied upon as an objective measure without standardized criteria and experienced observer assessment
  • •Clinical correlation and serial radiographs are essential when evaluating suspected joint effusion, particularly when assessed by less experienced observers
  • •Understanding equine OA pathogenesis and progression can directly improve management and treatment strategies for arthritic horses in practice.
  • •Research findings from equine OA studies are directly translatable to horses with clinical joint disease, offering evidence-based treatment options.
  • •Early intervention windows identified in equine models suggest opportunities to prevent or slow OA progression in at-risk horses before clinical signs become severe.
  • •IRAP and IRAP II are validated preparatory methods for generating anti-inflammatory therapeutic serum from equine blood, supporting their use as OA treatments in clinical practice
  • •Understanding the comparative cytokine profiles between the two commercial systems helps practitioners select the most appropriate method for individual cases
  • •This research provides the first equine-specific evidence supporting the use of autologous conditioned serum, making it a more evidence-based treatment option for equine osteoarthritis
  • •Intra-articular corticosteroid injections remain a common therapeutic tool in equine practice, but clinical decisions should be grounded in current scientific evidence regarding cartilage safety and catastrophic injury risk
  • •The timing of corticosteroid administration relative to athletic activity (racing) requires careful consideration based on both therapeutic benefit and potential for adverse effects
  • •Veterinarians should be familiar with the scientific basis for intra-articular corticosteroid use to provide evidence-based recommendations to trainers and owners regarding joint treatment protocols
  • •If considering stem cell therapy for cartilage repair in horses, bone marrow-derived cells appear more effective than fat-derived cells based on this in vitro evidence—discuss source selection with your veterinarian
  • •This foundational research supports further clinical development of MSC-based regenerative therapies, but clinical efficacy studies are still needed before widespread adoption
  • •Understanding cellular responses to growth factors may eventually allow optimization of regenerative protocols, though clinical applications remain investigational
  • •Understanding that joint inflammation triggers a cascade of cytokine production by chondrocytes themselves helps explain why early intervention in joint injuries is critical to prevent progressive cartilage damage
  • •The consistent upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) supports the therapeutic rationale for anti-inflammatory treatments in joint disease management
  • •Individual variation in TNF-α response suggests that horses may respond differently to inflammatory insults, potentially explaining why some develop OA more rapidly than others
  • •Understanding synovial joint anatomy and OA pathophysiology is essential for selecting the appropriate drug combination for individual cases.
  • •Multiple NSAID options exist with different toxicity profiles; practitioners must match drug selection to the individual horse's needs, duration of treatment required, and risk factors.
  • •Intraarticular therapy (steroids and viscosupplements) combined with systemic medications and chondroprotectants provides the most comprehensive approach to managing OA and preventing progression.
  • •When an older horse loses condition, systematically assess dental health, check for signs of pituitary dysfunction, and evaluate feeding management and social dynamics at the feed trough before assuming disease
  • •Ensure adequate protein (12-16% crude protein) and highly digestible feeds for thin aged horses; simple management adjustments often improve condition without medication
  • •For horses with severe dental wear, switch from long-stem hay to soaked hay cubes, chopped hay, or soaked sugar beet pulp to maintain fibre intake and digestive health
  • •The Artscan 200 cannot reliably detect early cartilage damage during arthroscopy—early OA lesions may be missed with this technique alone
  • •This tool may be most useful as a confirmatory test in horses with visibly advanced cartilage damage rather than for screening purposes
  • •Surgeons should not rely solely on this indentation technique to assess cartilage health; visual inspection and other diagnostic methods remain essential during arthroscopic examination
  • •Combined glucosamine and chondroitin supplements appear safe for equine joint health and may help prevent cartilage degradation associated with osteoarthritis
  • •Higher dosages of the combination product showed better results than lower dosages or individual components, informing clinical dosing recommendations
  • •This research provides mechanistic support for the use of these nutraceuticals in equine joint supplements, though clinical efficacy in laminitis or performance horses requires further investigation
  • •Establishing baseline normal SCB plate patterns in sound horses provides a reference for identifying early degenerative changes on imaging before clinical lameness develops
  • •Recognition of characteristic SCB thickening patterns may enable earlier intervention in distal tarsal OA, potentially improving outcomes in performance horses
  • •Knowledge of normal tarsal anatomy helps differentiate pathological changes from normal anatomical variation when evaluating hind limb lameness cases
  • •Shoeing practices and conformation management are modifiable risk factors that warrant attention in osteoarthritis prevention strategies
  • •Early recognition of joint disease through improved diagnostics and consideration of chondroprotective therapies can help maintain performance longevity
  • •Multi-factorial nature of osteoarthritis means addressing trauma prevention, appropriate exercise, and aging management are all important to skeletal health
  • •Chondrocyte apoptosis is a key mechanism in equine OA pathology, supporting therapeutic strategies that target cell death pathways and nitric oxide production
  • •The correlation between histological changes and apoptosis suggests monitoring apoptotic markers could help assess OA severity and progression in clinical cases
  • •Understanding the interrelationship between NO production and chondrocyte death opens potential therapeutic targets for early intervention in equine joint disease
  • •Maintain balanced foot geometry during trimming and shoeing to minimize detrimental DIP joint pressures; heel elevation should be avoided or minimized unless therapeutically indicated
  • •Small angular deviations (5 degrees) in foot balance have measurable mechanical consequences on joint loading—precision in hoof care matters for long-term joint health
  • •Recognize that elevated heels, commonly applied for therapeutic purposes, may compromise DIP joint viability over time and warrant careful re-evaluation of necessity
  • •Recognize that joint disease in athletic horses involves both cartilage and subchondral bone; addressing only cartilage pathology may be insufficient for treatment and prevention.
  • •Work with veterinarians to understand that osteochondral lesions require comprehensive assessment of bone quality and structure, not just surface cartilage evaluation.
  • •Consider subchondral bone integrity when evaluating horses with recurrent joint problems, as bone remodeling and adaptation may be key factors in chronic osteoarthritis.
  • •This represents early-stage nanotechnology research with potential to improve drug delivery in joint injections, but is not yet applicable to clinical equine practice
  • •The targeted delivery approach addresses a key limitation of conventional intra-articular injections—superficial penetration and uncontrolled drug release—that frustrates current OA management
  • •Further development and in vivo equine studies would be needed before this technology could translate to therapeutic options for working horses with osteoarthritis
  • •Intra-articular corticosteroid injections may have protective effects on cartilage metabolism during inflammatory joint conditions, but effects are dose-dependent
  • •The in vitro nature of this research suggests further clinical trials are needed before drawing conclusions about optimal dosing for joint injections in horses
  • •Results indicate corticosteroids may help mitigate cartilage damage when inflammation is present, potentially supporting their use in managing early osteoarthritis
  • •When evaluating serum or plasma-based orthobiologic treatments in vitro, consider that culture media composition significantly affects inflammatory marker expression and may bias results toward serum-supplemented treatments
  • •Equine serum supplementation appears to have modest protective effects on cartilage health in inflamed joint conditions, which may warrant investigation as an adjunctive therapy consideration
  • •In vitro study design choices regarding media formulation can substantially influence outcomes and should be transparently reported when comparing treatment efficacy in orthopedic research
  • •AE technology may eventually provide earlier detection of cartilage damage before clinical signs appear, allowing earlier intervention
  • •This emerging technique could complement or potentially replace current diagnostic imaging for fetlock joint assessment
  • •Early OA detection in high-value competition horses could improve outcomes if validated in clinical practice
  • •Exosomes from equine stem cells may offer a cell-free therapeutic alternative for treating joint, tendon, and bone injuries without requiring live cell administration
  • •This foundational work supports future development of exosome-based treatments as a potentially safer and more practical option than whole stem cell therapies
  • •Understanding exosome isolation methods is necessary before these products can be clinically applied to equine patients with tissue damage
  • •A more reliable ELISA test for COMP measurement may improve early detection and monitoring of osteoarthritis in equine practice
  • •The increased specificity addresses previous issues with baseline increases due to exercise, potentially allowing better disease discrimination
  • •This methodological advance could support more objective assessment of joint cartilage damage in clinical horses
  • •This foundational research supports investigation of intra-articular corticosteroid and growth factor combinations for managing joint cartilage degeneration in horses
  • •In vitro models using equine cartilage explants can help establish optimal therapeutic dosing before clinical trials in horses
  • •Future clinical applications may involve coordinated use of anti-inflammatory and anabolic agents to address both inflammatory and degenerative aspects of equine joint disease
  • •In vitro findings suggest corticosteroid joint injections may not fully protect cartilage from inflammatory damage, challenging assumptions about protective efficacy and warranting careful clinical evaluation of their true benefit
  • •Dosage reduction of corticosteroid intra-articular injections does not appear to reduce cartilage metabolic harm in this model, suggesting current clinical dosing practices may not be optimizable through simple dose reduction
  • •Results diverge from in vivo studies, highlighting important limitations of in vitro cartilage models and emphasizing the need for continued clinical outcome research before changing current injection protocols
  • •Understanding how joint loading affects cartilage cell metabolism may help explain early degenerative changes in working horses and inform management strategies
  • •Mechanical stress on articular cartilage triggers biochemical responses that could be targeted therapeutically to prevent or slow osteoarthritis development
  • •This foundational research supports the importance of appropriate exercise and loading patterns in cartilage health maintenance

Key Research Findings

ESWT produces analgesia, anti-inflammatory effects, and autologous repair responses through multiple signaling pathways and biological factors

Qiu Zhongsheng, 2025

ESWT is clinically effective for managing major equine musculoskeletal injuries including tendon, ligament, joint, and soft tissue conditions

Qiu Zhongsheng, 2025

Specific ESWT parameters vary depending on the type of musculoskeletal injury being treated

Qiu Zhongsheng, 2025

Meta-analysis of 5 studies showed PRP treatment significantly improved outcomes compared to control (OR: 15.32; 95% CI: 3.00-78.15; p<0.05)

Peng Cong, 2024

Clinical performance outcomes showed even greater improvement with PRP treatment (OR: 36.64; 95% CI: 3.69-364.30; p<0.05)

Peng Cong, 2024

21 publications reviewed demonstrated variable study quality with high risk of bias overall, but consistent treatment benefit

Peng Cong, 2024

PRP shows promise for septic arthritis treatment but evidence base is limited by heterogeneous product types and lack of standardized classification systems

Peng Cong, 2024

13 studies met inclusion criteria for systematic review; 4 RCTs included in meta-analysis evaluating orthobiologic therapies for naturally occurring OA in horses

Mayet Anna, 2023

Orthobiologic therapies (blood-derived and MSC-derived) demonstrated effective long-term lameness reduction and safety profile in horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis

Mayet Anna, 2023

Significant heterogeneity between studies prevented specific recommendations for particular orthobiologic types, affected joints, OA stages, or intended use

Mayet Anna, 2023

Current evidence base limited by lack of standardized study designs, inconsistent definitions and compositions of orthobiologic products, and absence of direct comparisons between treatment types

Mayet Anna, 2023

Intra-articular antibiotic administration has been used prophylactically and therapeutically in equine practice for decades with limited pharmacokinetic data available

Pezzanite Lynn M, 2022

High local drug concentrations are the primary rationale for intra-articular injection, but potential for local toxicity has received insufficient attention

Pezzanite Lynn M, 2022

Antibiotic resistance trends necessitate reconsideration of off-label antibiotic usage and evidence-based dosing strategies in equine joint therapy

Pezzanite Lynn M, 2022

Current literature on intra-articular antibiotics in horses requires synthesis regarding safety, efficacy, and appropriate clinical applications

Pezzanite Lynn M, 2022

Evidence Base

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for equine musculoskeletal disorders: from biological mechanisms to clinical applications.

Qiu Zhongsheng, Wang Jiaqi, Zhang Yukun et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Systematic Review

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma products for treatment of equine joint disease.

Peng Cong, Yang Luo, Labens Raphael et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Systematic Review

Systematic review and meta-analysis of positive long-term effects after intra-articular administration of orthobiologic therapeutics in horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis.

Mayet Anna, Zablotski Yury, Roth Susanne Pauline et al. (2023) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Systematic Review

Intra-articular administration of antibiotics in horses: Justifications, risks, reconsideration of use and outcomes.

Pezzanite Lynn M, Hendrickson Dean A, Dow Steven et al. (2022) — Equine veterinary journal

Systematic Review

Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine in Sport and Companion Animals: Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy.

Bostr&#xf6;m Anna, Bergh Anna, Hyyti&#xe4;inen Heli et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Systematic Review

Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine in Sport and Companion Animals: Therapeutic Ultrasound.

Bostr&#xf6;m Anna, Asplund Kjell, Bergh Anna et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Systematic Review

An Evaluation of Current Preventative Measures Used in Equine Practice to Maintain Distal Forelimb Functionality: A Mini Review.

Clarke Emily J, Gillen Alex, Turlo Agnieszka et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Systematic Review

Surgical osteochondral defect repair in the horse-a matter of form or function?

Fugazzola Maria C, van Weeren Paul R (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Systematic Review

How exercise influences equine joint homeostasis.

Te Moller Nikae C R, van Weeren P Ren&#xe9; (2017) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Systematic Review

Evaluation of an intra-articular carboxymethylcellulose crosslinked hydrogel in horses with osteoarthritis.

Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Malpighi A et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

RCT

Single injection of intra-articular autologous protein solution in horses with acute interleukin-1B-induced synovitis decreases joint pathology scores.

Usimaki Alexandra, Ciamillo Sarah A, Barot Dhvani et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Double-blinded, randomized tolerance study of a biologically enhanced Nanogel with endothelin-1 and bradykinin receptor antagonist peptides via intra-articular injection for osteoarthritis treatment in horses.

Terlinden Antoinette, Jacquet Sandrine, Manivong Seng et al. (2024) — BMC veterinary research

RCT

Improved quality of life and pain relief in mature horses with osteoarthritis after oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil administration as part of an analgesic regimen.

Interlandi Claudia, Tabb&#xec; Marco, Di Pietro Simona et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

A randomized, triple-blinded controlled clinical study with a novel disease-modifying drug combination in equine lameness-associated osteoarthritis

E. Skiöldebrand, S. Adepu, C. Lützelschwab et al. (2023) — Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open

RCT

Seabaugh Kathryn A, Barrett Myra F, Rao Sangeeta et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase and Cyclooxygenases Enhance Joint Pain Control, Stimulate Collagen Synthesis, and Protect Chondrocytes From Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis.

Tucker Laura, Trumble Troy N, Groschen Donna et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

The use of equine chondrogenic-induced mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for osteoarthritis: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study.

Broeckx S Y, Martens A M, Bertone A L et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Equine Dental Pulp Connective Tissue Particles Reduced Lameness in Horses in a Controlled Clinical Trial.

Bertone Alicia L, Reisbig Nathalie A, Kilborne Allison H et al. (2017) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

The preventive effects of two nutraceuticals on experimentally induced acute synovitis.

van de Water E, Oosterlinck M, Dumoulin M et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Intra-articular treatment with triamcinolone compared with triamcinolone with hyaluronate: A randomised open-label multicentre clinical trial in 80 lame horses.

de Grauw J C, Visser-Meijer M C, Lashley F et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT
Show 142 more references

A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, and Placebo-Controlled Efficacy Study of Intraarticular Allogeneic Adipose Stem Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Dogs.

Harman Robert, Carlson Kim, Gaynor Jamie et al. (2016) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

Treatment of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in horses using an intravenous combination of sodium pentosan polysulfate, N-acetyl glucosamine, and sodium hyaluronan.

Koenig Toby J, Dart Andrew J, McIlwraith C Wayne et al. (2014) — Veterinary surgery : VS

RCT

A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of a unique extract of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) in horses with chronic fetlock lameness attributed to osteoarthritis.

Cayzer J, Hedderley D, Gray S (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

The use of force plate measurements to titrate the dosage of a new COX-2 inhibitor in lame horses.

Back W, MacAllister C G, van Heel M C V et al. (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Synthetic shoes attenuate hoof impact in the trotting warmblood horse

Back Willem, van Schie Maaike HM, Pol Jessica N (2006) — Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology

RCT

Metabolomic and proteomic stratification of equine osteoarthritis.

Anderson James R, Phelan Marie M, Caama&#xf1;o-Guti&#xe9;rrez Eva et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Identification and characterisation of temporal abundance of microRNAs in synovial fluid from an experimental equine model of osteoarthritis.

Walters Marie, Skovgaard Kerstin, Heegaard Peter M H et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Long-Term Firocoxib Use in Horses.

Buzelato Carli Iuri, Fielding Langdon (2025) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Pressure pain mapping of equine distal joints: feasibility and reliability

Jana Gisler, L. Chiavaccini, Severin Blum et al. (2024) — Frontiers in Pain Research

Cohort Study

Analgesic efficacy of tapentadol in chronic joint disorders in horses: plasma serotonin concentration and adrenocortical response as biomarkers of pain-induced stress.

Costa Giovanna Lucrezia, Tabb&#xec; Marco, Bruschetta Giuseppe et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide injection results in increases in systemic insulin and glucose concentrations in horses without insulin dysregulation.

Boger Brooke L, Manfredi Jane M, Loucks Abigail R et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

A Pilot Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Synovitis in Horses.

Seabaugh Kathryn, Rao Sangeeta, Koenig Judith B et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Plasma and Synovial Fluid Cell-Free DNA Concentrations Following Induction of Osteoarthritis in Horses.

Panizzi Luca, Dittmer Keren E, Vignes Matthieu et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

The effect of exercise on cytokine concentration in equine autologous conditioned serum.

Hale Josephine N, Hughes Kristopher J, Hall Sarah et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Retrospective Analysis of the Use of Tiludronate in Equine Practice: Safety on 1804 Horses, Efficacy on 343 Horses.

Tischmacher Adeline, Wilford Sophie, Allen Kent et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Temporal extracellular vesicle protein changes following intraarticular treatment with integrin &#x3b1;10&#x3b2;1-selected mesenchymal stem cells in equine osteoarthritis.

Clarke Emily J, Johnson Emily, Caama&#xf1;o Gutierrez Eva et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

A safety evaluation of allogeneic freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma or conditioned serum compared to autologous frozen products equivalents in equine healthy joints.

Garbin Livia Camargo, Contino Erin K, Olver Christine S et al. (2022) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Small non-coding RNA landscape of extracellular vesicles from a post-traumatic model of equine osteoarthritis.

Anderson James R, Jacobsen Stine, Walters Marie et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Equine synovial fluid small non-coding RNA signatures in early osteoarthritis.

Castanheira Catarina, Balaskas Panagiotis, Falls Charlotte et al. (2021) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Effects of Production Method and Repeated Freeze Thaw Cycles on Cytokine Concentrations and Microbial Contamination in Equine Autologous Conditioned Serum.

Hale Josephine, Hughes Kristopher, Hall Sarah et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clodronate disodium evaluated in plasma, synovial fluid and urine.

Krueger Clarisa R, Mitchell Colin F, Leise Britta S et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to diagnose osteoarthritis in equine serum.

Paraskevaidi M, Hook P D, Morais C L M et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Use of a 2.5% Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide Hydrogel in the Management of Joint Lameness in a Population of Flat Racing Thoroughbreds: A Pilot Study.

de Clifford Leigh T, Lowe Jason N, McKellar Campbell D et al. (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Influence of Incubation Time and Incubation Tube on the Cytokine and Growth Factor Concentrations of Autologous Conditioned Serum in Horses.

Lasarzik de Ascurra Juliane, Ehrle Anna, Einspanier Ralf et al. (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Effect of circadian rhythm, age, training and acute lameness on serum concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) neo-epitope in horses.

Ekman S, Lindahl A, R&#xfc;etschi U et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Assessment of effectiveness and safety of repeat administration of proinflammatory primed allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in an equine model of chemically induced osteoarthritis.

Barrachina Laura, Remacha Ana Rosa, Romero Antonio et al. (2018) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Microbiome and Blood Analyte Differences Point to Community and Metabolic Signatures in Lean and Obese Horses.

Biddle Amy S, Tomb Jean-Francois, Fan Zirui (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein neoepitope in the synovial fluid of horses with acute lameness: A new biomarker for the early stages of osteoarthritis.

Ski&#xf6;ldebrand E, Ekman S, Mattsson Hult&#xe9;n L et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Gait Changes Vary among Horses with Naturally Occurring Osteoarthritis Following Intra-articular Administration of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma.

Mirza Mustajab H, Bommala Prakash, Richbourg Heather A et al. (2016) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Comparison of subjective lameness evaluation, force platforms and an inertial-sensor system to identify mild lameness in an equine osteoarthritis model.

Donnell J R, Frisbie D D, King M R et al. (2015) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom.

Ireland J L, Clegg P D, McGowan C M et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle of mature horses with growth factor enhanced chondrocyte grafts: a retrospective study of 49 cases.

Ortved K F, Nixon A J, Mohammed H O et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Functional consequences of cartilage degeneration in the equine metacarpophalangeal joint: quantitative assessment of cartilage stiffness.

Brommer H, Laasanen M S, Brama P A J et al. (2005) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Relationship between synovial fluid levels of glycosaminoglycans, hydroxyproline and general MMP activity and the presence and severity of articular cartilage change on the proximal articular surface of P1.

van den Boom R, van der Harst M R, Brommer H et al. (2005) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on synovial fluid concentrations of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and glycosaminoglycans in healthy equine joints.

van den Boom R, van de Lest C H A, Bull S et al. (2005) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Collagenase-1 (MMP-1) activity in equine synovial fluid: influence of age, joint pathology, exercise and repeated arthrocentesis.

Brama P A J, van den Boom R, DeGroott J et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Serum level of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in equine osteoarthritis.

Misumi K, Vilim V, Hatazoe T et al. (2002) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The distribution of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in equine carpal articular cartilage and its variation with exercise and cartilage deterioration.

Murray R C, Smith R K, Henson F M et al. (2001) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Natural eggshell membrane supplementation for chronic lameness in warmblood horses: a 12-week prospective before-after study.

Kwon Young-Sam, Jeong Hyohoon, Kim Jongkyu et al. (2026) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Early effects of anti-TNF&#x3b1; antibodies in horses with osteoarthritis.

Perrone G, Giampaoli C, Smirnoff A Lorenzo et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

microRNAs are differentially expressed in equine plasma of horses with osteoarthritis and osteochondritis dissecans versus control horses.

Antunes Joshua, Salcedo-Jim&#xe9;nez Ram&#xe9;s, Lively Starlee et al. (2024) — PloS one

Case Report

Use of quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics and ELISA to compare the alpha 2 macroglobulin concentration in equine blood-based products processed by three different orthobiologic devices.

Ortved Kyla F, Alward Larry, Cowles Bobby et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in equine synovium and upregulated with synovitis.

Miagkoff Ludovic, Girard Christiane A, St-Jean Guillaume et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Evaluating the Safety of Intra-Articular Mitotherapy in the Equine Model: A Potential Novel Treatment for Osteoarthritis.

Cassano Jennifer M, Marycz Krzysztof, Horna Marta et al. (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Homing of radiolabelled xenogeneic equine peripheral blood-derived MSCs towards a joint lesion in a dog.

Beerts Charlotte, Pauwelyn Glenn, Depuydt Eva et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

HOX Gene Expressions in Cultured Articular and Nasal Equine Chondrocytes.

Storch Christiane, Fuhrmann Herbert, Schoeniger Axel (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Case Report

Objective Assessment of Chronic Pain in Horses Using the Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS): A Scale-Construction Study.

van Loon Johannes P A M, Macri Lucia (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Case Report

The "Horse Saddle" Sign: A New Ultrasound Sign for Osteoarthritis

JJ De Agustin (2021) — Journal of Orthopedics &amp; Bone Disorders

Case Report

Nerve growth factor in the equine joint.

Kendall A, Nystr&#xf6;m S, Ekman S et al. (2021) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Case Report

Macrophage Activation in the Synovium of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Equine Joints.

Menarim Bruno C, Gillis Kiersten H, Oliver Andrea et al. (2020) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Identification and Quantification of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in Equine Articular Tissue.

Braucke Anne Franck Gallagher Vom, Frederiksen Nanna Lysemose, Berg Lise Charlotte et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Case Report

Synovium extra cellular matrices seeded with transduced mesenchymal stem cells stimulate chondrocyte maturation in vitro and cartilage healing in clinically-induced rat-knee lesions in vivo.

Reisbig Nathalie A, Pinnell Erin, Scheuerman Logan et al. (2019) — PloS one

Case Report

Comparison of the Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential of Equine Synovial Membrane-Derived and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Gale Alexis L, Linardi Renata L, McClung George et al. (2019) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Various 3D printed materials mimic bone ultrasonographically: 3D printed models of the equine cervical articular process joints as a simulator for ultrasound guided intra-articular injections.

Beaulieu Alexandra, Linden Alex Zur, Phillips John et al. (2019) — PloS one

Case Report

Characterisation of lubricin in synovial fluid from horses with osteoarthritis.

Svala E, Jin C, R&#xfc;etschi U et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Assessment of a novel equine tarsocrural experimental joint disease model using recombinant interleukin-1&#x3b2; and arthroscopic articular sampling of the medial malleolus of the tibia on the standing sedated horse.

Nelson B B, King M R, Frisbie D D (2017) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Case Report

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan (Adequan®)

McIlwraith C. Wayne (2016) — Joint Disease in the Horse

Case Report

Orally administered doxycycline accumulates in synovial fluid compared to plasma.

Schnabel L V, Papich M G, Watts A E et al. (2010) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Cytokine and catabolic enzyme expression in synovium, synovial fluid and articular cartilage of naturally osteoarthritic equine carpi.

Kamm J L, Nixon A J, Witte T H (2010) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Determination of MMP-2 and -9 activities in synovial fluid of horses with osteoarthritic and arthritic joint diseases using gelatin zymography and immunocapture activity assays.

Fietz S, Einspanier R, Hoppner S et al. (2008) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Short incomplete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in ten horses not used for racing.

Kuemmerle Jan M, Auer J&#xf6;rg A, Rademacher Nathalie et al. (2008) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Ultrastructural immunolocalisation of bone sialoprotein in the osteocartilagenous interface of the equine third carpal bone.

Ekman S, Ski&#xf6;ldebrand E, Heineg&#xe5;rd D et al. (2005) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Quantification and age-related distribution of articular cartilage degeneration in the equine fetlock joint.

Brommer H, van Weeren P R, Brama P A J et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Age-related morphometry of equine calcified cartilage.

Martinelli M J, Eurell J, Les C M et al. (2002) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of calcium pentosan polysulphate achieved in the horse following intramuscular injection.

Fuller C J, Ghosh P, Barr A R S (2002) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Concentration of collagen, aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in synovial fluid from equine middle carpal joints.

Ski&#xf6;ldebrand E, Lorenzo P, Zunino L et al. (2001) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions in horses produce local mediators and neutral metalloproteinases and cause bone resorption in vitro.

von Rechenberg B, Guenther H, McIlwraith C W et al. (2000) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Changes of the fibrocartilage in navicular disease in horses. A histological and histochemical investigation of navicular bones.

Svalastoga, Reimann, Nielsen (1984) — Nordisk veterinaermedicin

Case Report

Exploring the roles of snoRNA-induced ribosome heterogeneity in equine osteoarthritis.

Chabronova Alzbeta, Walters Marie, Reg&#xe5;rdh Sara et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Equine osteoarthritis. Part 2: rehabilitation and injury prevention

Rachel Salz (2025) — UK-Vet Equine

Expert Opinion

Owner-reported health and disease in U.S. senior horses.

Herbst Alisa C, Coleman Michelle C, Macon Erica L et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Survey of veterinarians' usage and satisfaction with intra-articular polyacrylamide gel in horses.

Pluim Mathilde, Frippiat Thibault (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Demographics and health of U.S. senior horses used in competitions.

Herbst Alisa C, Coleman Michelle C, Macon Erica L et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Equine osteoarthritis. Part 1: management and what to inject when

Rachel Salz (2025) — UK-Vet Equine

Expert Opinion

Development and Preliminary Validation of an Equine Brief Pain Inventory for Owner Assessment of Chronic Pain Due to Osteoarthritis in Horses.

Howard Diane L, Lancaster Bryony, de Grauw Janny (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Retirement risk factors, exercise management and muscle mass in US senior horses.

Herbst Alisa C, Coleman Michelle C, Macon Erica L et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Differential modulation of inflammatory cytokines by recombinant IL-10 in IL-1&#x3b2; and TNF-&#x3b1; &#x336; stimulated equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes: impact of washing and timing on cytokine responses.

Elkhenany Hoda A, Linardi Renata L, Ortved Kyla F (2024) — BMC veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Advancements in Subchondral Bone Biomechanics: Insights from Computed Tomography and Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging in Equine Models.

Malekipour, Whitton, Lee (2024) — Current osteoporosis reports

Expert Opinion

Serum nerve growth factor in horses with osteoarthritis-associated lameness.

Kendall Anna, L&#xfc;tzelschwab Claudia, Lundblad Johan et al. (2023) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Expert Opinion

Equine osteoarthritis: Strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies.

Jammes Manon, Contentin Romain, Cass&#xe9; Fr&#xe9;d&#xe9;ric et al. (2023) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Conditioned serum in vitro treatment of chondrocyte pellets and osteoarthritic explants.

L&#xf6;fgren Maria, Ekman Stina, Ekholm Josefine et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Expression of cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) and cannabinoid-related receptors (TRPV1, GPR55, and PPAR&#x3b1;) in the synovial membrane of the horse metacarpophalangeal joint.

Zamith Cunha Rodrigo, Zannoni Augusta, Salamanca Giulia et al. (2023) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Review of the Mechanism of Action and Use of Bisphosphonates in Horses.

Yocom Alicia, Contino Erin, Kawcak Christopher (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Equine shock wave therapy - where are we now?

Johnson Sherry A, Richards Roderick B, Frisbie David D et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Corrigendum: Gene therapy approaches for equine osteoarthritis.

Thampi Parvathy, Samulski R Jude, Grieger Joshua C et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Comparing the immunomodulatory properties of equine BM-MSCs culture expanded in autologous platelet lysate, pooled platelet lysate, equine serum and fetal bovine serum supplemented culture media.

Even Kayla M, Gaesser Angela M, Ciamillo Sarah A et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Gene therapy approaches for equine osteoarthritis.

Thampi Parvathy, Samulski R Jude, Grieger Joshua C et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel, a new concept in the medication of equine osteoarthritis: A review.

Tnibar Aziz (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Current joint therapy usage in equine practice: Changes in the last 10&#xa0;years.

Zanotto Gustavo M, Frisbie David D (2021) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

A Comparative Review of Autologous Conditioned Serum and Autologous Protein Solution for Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Horses.

Camargo Garbin Livia, Morris Michael J (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Role of Innate Immunity in Initiation and Progression of Osteoarthritis, with Emphasis on Horses.

Estrada McDermott Juan, Pezzanite Lynn, Goodrich Laurie et al. (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Undenatured Type II Collagen (UC-II) in Joint Health and Disease: A Review on the Current Knowledge of Companion Animals.

Gencoglu Hasan, Orhan Cemal, Sahin Emre et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Nanoparticles from Equine Fetal Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Enhance the Survival of Injured Chondrocytes.

Kim Ki Hoon, Park Tae Sub, Cho Byung-Wook et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Effects of Autologous Conditioned Serum, Autologous Protein Solution, and Triamcinolone on Inflammatory and Catabolic Gene Expression in Equine Cartilage and Synovial Explants Treated With IL-1&#x3b2; in Co-culture.

Velloso Alvarez Ana, Boone Lindsey H, Pondugula Satyanarayana R et al. (2020) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Cannabinoids CB2 Receptors, One New Promising Drug Target for Chronic and Degenerative Pain Conditions in Equine Veterinary Patients.

S&#xe1;nchez-Aparicio Pedro, Flor&#xe1;n Benjam&#xed;n, Rodr&#xed;guez Vel&#xe1;zquez Desiderio et al. (2020) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Platelet-Rich Products and Their Application to Osteoarthritis.

Garbin Livia Camargo, Olver Christine S (2020) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

The Effect of Intense Exercise on Equine Serum Proteoglycan-4/Lubricin.

Matheson Austyn, Regmi Suresh C, Jay Gregory D et al. (2020) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

An experimentally induced osteoarthritis model in horses performed on both metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints: Technical, clinical, imaging, biochemical, macroscopic and microscopic characterization.

Bertoni L&#xe9;lia, Jacquet-Guibon Sandrine, Branly Thomas et al. (2020) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Amikacin induces rapid dose-dependent apoptotic cell death in equine chondrocytes and synovial cells in vitro.

Pezzanite Lynn, Chow Lyndah, Soontararak Sirikul et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The effect of hypoxia on chondrogenesis of equine synovial membrane-derived and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Gale Alexis L, Mammone Renata M, Dodson Michael E et al. (2019) — BMC veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Evaluation of allogeneic freeze-dried platelet lysate in cartilage exposed to interleukin 1-&#x3b2; in vitro.

Camargo Garbin Livia, McIlwraith C Wayne, Frisbie David D (2019) — BMC veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Hyaluronic Acid: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Trajectory.

Gupta Ramesh C, Lall Rajiv, Srivastava Ajay et al. (2019) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Effects of stanozolol on normal and IL-1&#x3b2;-stimulated equine chondrocytes in vitro.

Castro Martins Mariana, Peffers Mandy J, Lee Katie et al. (2018) — BMC veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Cell-Based Therapies for Joint Disease in Veterinary Medicine: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Know.

Bogers Sophie Helen (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Nelson B B, Kawcak C E, Barrett M F et al. (2018) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Pooled Platelet-Rich Plasma Lysate Therapy Increases Synoviocyte Proliferation and Hyaluronic Acid Production While Protecting Chondrocytes From Synoviocyte-Derived Inflammatory Mediators.

Gilbertie Jessica M, Long Julie M, Schubert Alicia G et al. (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Pain management for laminitis in the horse

K. Hopster, A. V. Eps (2018) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

The Importance of Subchondral Bone in the Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis.

Stewart Holly L, Kawcak Christopher E (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Comparison of the Effects of Interleukin-1 on Equine Articular Cartilage Explants and Cocultures of Osteochondral and Synovial Explants.

Byron Christopher R, Trahan Richard A (2017) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Characterisation and intracellular labelling of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from synovial fluid of horses and sheep.

Burk J, Glauche S M, Brehm W et al. (2017) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Cartilage defect repair in horses: Current strategies and recent developments in regenerative medicine of the equine joint with emphasis on the surgical approach.

Cokelaere Stefan, Malda Jos, van Weeren Ren&#xe9; (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

In vitro effects of platelet-rich gel supernatants on histology and chondrocyte apoptosis scores, hyaluronan release and gene expression of equine cartilage explants challenged with lipopolysaccharide.

Carmona Jorge U, R&#xed;os Diana L, L&#xf3;pez Catalina et al. (2016) — BMC veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on chondrogenesis of equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow or synovial fluid.

Zayed M N, Schumacher J, Misk N et al. (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Cell-based cartilage repair strategies in the horse.

Ortved Kyla F, Nixon Alan J (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Animal Models of Osteoarthritis: Comparisons and Key Considerations.

McCoy A M (2015) — Veterinary pathology

Expert Opinion

Stem cell therapies for treating osteoarthritis: prescient or premature?

Whitworth Deanne J, Banks Tania A (2014) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Plasma and synovial fluid concentration of doxycycline following low-dose, low-frequency administration, and resultant inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-13 from interleukin-stimulated equine synoviocytes.

Maher M C, Schnabel L V, Cross J A et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Influence of corticosteroids on interleukin-1&#x3b2;-stimulated equine chondrocyte gene expression.

Caron John P, Gandy Jeff C, Schmidt Michelle et al. (2013) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Expert Opinion

Detection of joint effusion on radiographs of horses.

Lawson J S, Bolt D M, May S et al. (2012) — The Veterinary record

Expert Opinion

The horse as a model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis

McIlwraith C. W., Frisbie D. D., Kawcak C. E. (2012) — Bone &amp; Joint Research

Expert Opinion

Autologous conditioned serum: the comparative cytokine profiles of two commercial methods (IRAP and IRAP II) using equine blood.

Hraha T H, Doremus K M, McIlwraith C W et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The use of intra-articular corticosteroids in the horse: what is known on a scientific basis?

McIlwraith C W (2010) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Comparison of chondrogenic potential in equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow.

Vidal Martin A, Robinson Sandra O, Lopez Mandi J et al. (2008) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Expert Opinion

Cytokine and chemokine gene expression of IL-1beta stimulated equine articular chondrocytes.

David Florent, Farley Judith, Huang Hong et al. (2007) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Expert Opinion

Medical treatment of osteoarthritis in the horse - a review.

Goodrich Laurie R, Nixon Alan J (2006) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Endocrine Dysfunction in the Aged Horse

Messer Nat T. (2006) — Equine Geriatric Medicine and Surgery

Expert Opinion

In situ and ex vivo evaluation of an arthroscopic indentation instrument to estimate the health status of articular cartilage in the equine metacarpophalangeal joint.

Brommer Harold, Laasanen Mikko S, Brama Pieter A J et al. (2006) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Expert Opinion

Effects of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulphate, alone and in combination, on normal and interleukin-1 conditioned equine articular cartilage explant metabolism.

Dechant J E, Baxter G M, Frisbie D D et al. (2005) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Is there a characteristic distal tarsal subchondral bone plate thickness pattern in horses with no history of hindlimb lameness?

Branch M V, Murray R C, Dyson S J et al. (2005) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Equine osteoarthritis: a brief review of the disease and its causes

Schlueter Angela E, Orth Michael W (2004) — Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology

Expert Opinion

Articular chondrocyte apoptosis in equine osteoarthritis.

Kim D Y, Taylor H W, Moore R M et al. (2003) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Effect of foot balance on the intra-articular pressure in the distal interphalangeal joint in vitro.

Viitanen, Wilson, McGuigan et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The role of subchondral bone in joint disease: a review.

Kawcak C E, McIlwraith C W, Norrdin R W et al. (2001) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Osteoarthritis in the horse

Kidd J. A., Fuller C., Barr A. R. S. (2001) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

The effects of methylprednisolone on normal and monocyte-conditioned medium-treated articular cartilage from dogs and horses.

Murphy D J, Todhunter R J, Fubini S L et al. (2000) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Expert Opinion

Culture Media Supplemented With 10% Equine Serum Provided Chondroprotection in an In Vitro Co-Culture of Cartilage and Synovial Membrane.

Velloso Alvarez Ana, Wooldridge Anne A, Fuller Joseph et al. (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Thesis

Detection of experimental cartilage damage with acoustic emissions technique: An in vitro equine study.

Shakya B R, Tiulpin A, Saarakkala S et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis

Exosomes isolation and identification from equine mesenchymal stem cells.

Klymiuk Michele Christian, Balz Natalie, Elashry Mohamed I et al. (2019) — BMC veterinary research

Thesis

Sandwich ELISA system for cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in equine synovial fluid and serum.

Yamanokuchi K, Tagami M, Nishimatsu E et al. (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis

A dose titration of triamcinolone acetonide on insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage explants.

Sandler E A, Frisbie D D, McIlwraith C W (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis

Effects of dosage titration of methylprednisolone acetate and triamcinolone acetonide on interleukin-1-conditioned equine articular cartilage explants in vitro.

Dechant J E, Baxter G M, Frisbie D D et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis

Dynamic compressive strain inhibits nitric oxide synthesis by equine chondrocytes isolated from different areas of the cartilage surface.

Wiseman M, Henson F, Lee D A et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis