Abortion: What the Research Says
Evidence from 41 peer-reviewed studies
6 Systematic Review
7 Cohort Study
16 Case Report
12 Expert Opinion
What Professionals Should Know
- •Currently available pharmacologic treatments show minimal evidence of benefit for preventing or reducing EHV-1 disease severity in horses; focus should remain on biosecurity and supportive care
- •Veterinarians should counsel horse owners that no pharmacologic therapy has demonstrated clear clinical efficacy for EHV-1, and discuss evidence-based management strategies instead
- •The lack of effective pharmacologic interventions highlights the importance of vaccination programs and infection control measures as primary prevention strategies
- •Current EHV-1 vaccines provide only minimal protection against clinical disease; vaccination alone should not be the sole disease prevention strategy on farms with active EHV-1 exposure
- •Biosecurity and management practices remain critical components of EHV-1 control since existing vaccines show limited efficacy for preventing abortion, neurologic disease, and viral shedding
- •Be cautious interpreting vaccine efficacy claims; the evidence base is limited by small study sizes, heterogeneous methods, and underreported research protocols
- •Current vaccination protocols have limited efficacy evidence—discuss realistic expectations with clients regarding abortion and neurological disease prevention
- •Outbreak management and treatment decisions should be based on the limited evidence available; antimicrobial and antiviral therapies lack strong supporting data
- •Maintain strict biosecurity protocols during EHV-1 outbreaks as pharmacological interventions have unproven effectiveness
- •EHV-1 viremia typically precedes clinical signs of neurological disease or abortion, suggesting early detection of viremia may help identify at-risk horses before clinical manifestation
- •Current evidence cannot establish a threshold viremia level or duration that predicts abortion or EHM, limiting ability to use viremia measurements alone for prognostic purposes
- •Veterinarians should continue monitoring for clinical signs of EHM and reproductive loss in EHV-1 infected horses regardless of viremia levels, as viremia presence alone is insufficient to predict outcomes
- •For diagnosing EHV-1 in clinical settings, prioritize nasal swabs over blood samples, particularly in horses with suspected EHM where nasal detection rates are substantially higher (94% vs 70%)
- •If sampling a single time point, nasal secretions are more likely to yield a positive result than blood in naturally infected horses with respiratory disease
- •Sample horses early after suspected exposure, as nasal shedding appears within 2 days and remains detectable for only 3-7 days; viremia detection is delayed by at least 1 day
- •Umbilical cord torsion is by far the leading cause of foal loss in UK broodmares; breeders should focus on understanding factors that influence cord length and torsion risk in their management protocols
- •Always submit both fetus and placenta for diagnostic examination to achieve definitive diagnosis and improve disease surveillance at the population level
- •Placentitis and neonatal infections are important but secondary concerns; primary prevention should focus on the umbilical cord-related pathologies through continued research into genetic and environmental risk factors
- •Routine ultrasonographic screening for placental abnormalities on breeding farms can identify high-risk pregnancies early; intervention saves >90% of these pregnancies from abortion
- •Embryo transfer recipients require closer monitoring and may develop more severe placental pathology than mares carrying their own pregnancies
- •Most treated mares with placental abnormalities return to fertility in the next breeding season (61.1%), making early intervention economically justified on stud farms
- •Veterinarians managing Thoroughbred breeding programs should counsel owners that approximately 1 in 14 Day-70 pregnancies will fail to produce a live foal, with umbilical cord problems being the leading preventable cause.
- •Submission of fetal/placental tissue for post-mortem examination is critical—only 61% of available tissues were submitted, limiting understanding of causes and prevention strategies.
- •While infectious causes (placentitis, EHV) account for <1% of losses each, umbilical cord pathologies at 1.5% represent a larger target for investigation into management practices that might reduce this incidence.
- •Over half of unvaccinated Spanish Purebred horses in central Spain have been exposed to EHV-1/EHV-4, indicating endemic circulation—vaccination programmes should be considered for breeding operations
- •Farm management practices matter: separating mares from youngsters and vaccinating other residents on the farm can reduce herd exposure, making these practical biosecurity measures worth implementing
- •Older horses and those on smaller farms in southern regions face higher exposure risk, so targeted surveillance and preventive strategies should focus on these higher-risk populations
- •Screen recipient mares for Leptospira, particularly the Bratislava serovar, as it is strongly associated with embryonic loss, perinatal death, and abortion in embryo transfer programmes
- •Seropositivity to Bratislava in mares with poor reproductive history should raise suspicion for leptospirosis-induced losses; consider urine PCR testing to confirm active infection and guide treatment decisions
- •Implement biosecurity and herd health protocols targeting Leptospira control in embryo transfer centres, as Bratislava appears to be the primary reproductive pathogen in semiextensive breeding systems in Brazil
- •Early embryonic death has more severe long-term consequences for reproductive performance than later abortion, warranting investigation and prevention strategies
- •Mares with previous abortion history require more breeding attempts but ultimately can still achieve pregnancy and foaling outcomes comparable to non-aborted mares
- •Consider prioritizing breeding of older mares and those with reproductive challenges earlier in the breeding season to maximize conception rates
- •SAA concentration can serve as a prognostic indicator for ascending placentitis in mares, helping identify at-risk pregnancies early when intervention is most effective
- •Early therapeutic intervention in mares showing SAA elevation may prevent abortion; treatment success correlates with normalization of SAA levels
- •Baseline SAA values during late gestation (3.2-8.1 mg/l) provide a reference range for detecting pathological elevation in periparturient mares
- •DNA testing can identify carrier and affected horses to enable selective breeding that prevents GBED conception in Quarter Horse and Paint Horse lines
- •If unexplained fetal loss or neonatal death occurs in these breeds, GBED should be included in diagnostic considerations and histopathology may reveal characteristic glycogen accumulation
- •Quarter Horse and Paint Horse breeders should consider genotyping breeding stock given the significant association of GBED homozygosity with abortion and early neonatal mortality
- •Recognize that equine leptospirosis may present with atypical pulmonary manifestations beyond the classical abortion, stillbirth, and organ failure presentations
- •Consider leptospiral infection in differential diagnoses for adult horses presenting with pulmonary haemorrhage, as this is a rare but potentially fatal complication
- •Be aware that LPHS carries a high fatality rate and may require urgent diagnostic and therapeutic intervention
- •Wound infections in Arabian horses are increasingly caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria; conventional antibiotics alone may be ineffective and combination therapies should be considered
- •Bacteriophage therapy shows promise as a practical adjunct to antibiotic treatment for resistant bacterial wound infections, with topical application improving healing timelines
- •Practitioners should maintain awareness of resistance patterns in their region and consider phage-antibiotic combinations when standard antimicrobial protocols fail
- •Horses in the US act as asymptomatic reservoir hosts and can persistently shed multiple pathogenic Leptospira species in urine, posing transmission risk to other animals and potentially humans
- •High seroprevalence (94.6%) indicates widespread exposure in equine populations; current vaccines may not protect against all circulating species/serovars, particularly L. kirschneri Australis
- •Serological testing alone cannot identify active shedders—PCR and culture are needed to identify subclinical carriers; consider urinary shedding risk when managing mares with reproductive failure and high MAT titers
- •Include leptospirosis testing (PCR of cervicovaginal mucus) in reproductive management protocols for mares with placentitis, abortion, or weak foals, as infection may be subclinical
- •Recognize that equine genital leptospirosis is a chronic silent syndrome; ultrasound detection of placental abnormalities warrants leptospirosis investigation
- •Implement herd-level screening when multiple cases of placentitis or abortions occur, as this may indicate L. interrogans circulation in the population
- •Verify pregnancy status before performing any uterine procedures; cervical mucus plug damage can allow pathogenic bacteria to ascend even without obvious signs of pregnancy
- •Consider S. ovis as a potential abortifacient in mares with access to sheep, particularly following any cervical instrumentation
- •Pasture management with mixed species (equine-ovine) may increase exposure risk to ovine pathogens in pregnant mares
- •EHV-1 remains a significant reproductive threat in equine populations globally, including regions with limited prior documentation—biosecurity and vaccination protocols should be reviewed regardless of geographic location
- •Neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 can cause severe abortion storms affecting large numbers of pregnant mares in a short timeframe, necessitating rapid outbreak response and isolation procedures
- •Clinicians should maintain diagnostic vigilance for EHV-1 in endemic regions and implement appropriate quarantine measures when abortion storms occur
- •Umbilical cord torsion is the leading cause of fetal loss in Danish mares—focus preventative management on factors that may increase torsion risk during pregnancy
- •While viral abortion (EHV-1) is a serious concern, non-infectious causes account for the majority of losses; necropsy with full diagnostic workup is essential to determine cause and inform herd management
- •Standardized diagnostic criteria are needed for EHV typing in aborted material, as identification does not always prove causation
- •Even well-managed stud farms with good biosecurity can experience EHV-1 abortion outbreaks, necessitating vigilant surveillance and rapid response protocols
- •EHV-1 should be considered in differential diagnosis for any abortion, respiratory signs, neonatal death, or neurological disease outbreaks on equine properties
- •Implementation of outbreak management and prevention strategies specific to EHV-1 is critical for stud farm operations
- •Fungal placentitis should be considered in differential diagnosis of mares presenting with premature udder development and purulent vaginal discharge, even though bacterial causes predominate
- •Aspergillus terreus may be underdiagnosed; suspect fungal involvement when standard antimicrobial therapy fails and submit samples for both bacterial culture and fungal identification including PCR
- •Despite aggressive multimodal treatment including antifungals, extensive placental fungal infection can lead to fetal death in utero, so early diagnosis and aggressive intervention are critical
- •EHM cases involve thrombotic events in spinal vasculature that contribute to neurological dysfunction; understanding coagulation parameters may help identify at-risk horses or guide therapeutic interventions
- •Veterinarians managing EHV-1 outbreaks should be aware that vascular complications beyond respiratory signs can occur, including potentially life-threatening neurological disease
- •Further research into the coagulation cascade during EHV-1 infection may reveal preventive or therapeutic targets to reduce severity of EHM
- •Bunyamwera virus should be considered in the differential diagnosis for equine encephalitis and abortion cases in Argentina and potentially other regions
- •Clinicians should maintain awareness of emerging viral pathogens affecting equine populations, particularly those with neurological presentations
- •Brain and spleen tissue sampling may be indicated for suspected viral encephalitis cases to enable pathogen identification
- •EHV-1-induced platelet activation and thrombosis provides a mechanistic explanation for abortion and neurological complications in infected horses, though this in vitro finding requires validation in clinical cases
- •Understanding the tissue factor-dependent pathway of platelet activation may inform future therapeutic strategies targeting thrombotic complications in EHV-1 outbreaks
- •This is laboratory research; clinicians should continue following established EHV-1 management protocols while this mechanism is further studied
- •Processionary caterpillar exposure during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for abortion — mares grazing in areas with these caterpillars should be monitored closely and kept away from infested vegetation during breeding season
- •The rapid migration of caterpillar setae (within 2 days) suggests that early intervention may be possible if exposure is suspected, though prevention through pasture management is the most practical approach
- •Secondary bacterial infection is common in EAFL cases, so any pregnant mare showing signs of illness after potential caterpillar exposure warrants urgent veterinary evaluation and appropriate supportive care
- •Identical EHV-1 strains can present very different clinical pictures between herds; breed composition should be considered when assessing outbreak severity and likely outcomes
- •Serologically negative imported horses can still be EHV-1 carriers and vectors; quarantine and pre-import testing protocols must be enforced regardless of health certificates
- •Clinically healthy stallions can transmit EHV-1 between farms; use extreme caution with breeding stock movements and consider epidemiological history of source herds during breeding season outbreaks
- •Bartonella henselae should be considered as a potential cause of equine abortion; include molecular testing in diagnostic workup of aborted foals when routine pathogens are negative
- •This zoonotic organism can infect multiple species—practice appropriate biosafety when handling aborted tissues and consider exposure risk if pregnant mares are exposed to infected cats or tick vectors
- •Pathological findings of vasculitis with intralesional bacteria warrant investigation for Bartonella even in regions where it was previously thought uncommon in horses
- •Avirulent R equi can cause abortion in mares despite being considered non-pathogenic; clinicians should consider this organism in cases of unexplained fetal loss
- •Faecal shedding by mares represents a potential source of intrauterine infection; maintain hygiene and monitor mares with diarrhoea during pregnancy
- •Post-abortion serology and bacteriology of intrauterine fluids are valuable diagnostic tools when placental tissue is unavailable
- •Not applicable to equine practice; this research focuses on porcine disease detection and is relevant only to swine practitioners and animal health officials managing GETV in pig populations
- •Implement systematic diagnostic protocols to identify both infectious agents and non-infectious risk factors when investigating abortion cases, as causes range from viral/bacterial infections to management factors like prolonged transportation.
- •Establish preventive control measures addressing transmission routes specific to identified infectious agents while managing non-infectious risk factors such as mycotoxin exposure and hormonal monitoring.
- •Develop farm-specific breeding management strategies that monitor for warning signs of pregnancy loss, particularly in large-scale operations where disease transmission and environmental stressors pose elevated risks.
- •CoPP represents a promising potential therapeutic option for managing EqHV-8 infection in equines, addressing a currently untreated viral disease causing significant economic losses in the donkey industry
- •The antiviral mechanism operates through heme oxygenase-1 and interferon pathway activation, suggesting potential for broader herpesvirus applications
- •Further development and clinical trials are needed before this compound can be applied in equine practice
- •EHV-1 vaccination of pregnant mares should be prioritized as a preventive measure, given the high prevalence of abortigenic complications (76% of positive cases) in Arabian horses in Egypt
- •Implement rapid molecular diagnostics (real-time PCR) for suspected EHV-1 cases to enable quick quarantine and control measures, reducing spread across breeding populations
- •Maintain awareness that EHV-1 presents with variable clinical manifestations (respiratory, reproductive, neurological) requiring a broad diagnostic index of suspicion across multiple disease presentations
- •Awareness of yolk sac remnants is critical for equine practitioners as they are unique to horses and can compromise fetal survival through strangulation.
- •Ultrasound monitoring during pregnancy should include assessment of yolk sac remnant integrity and positioning, particularly if abnormalities are detected.
- •Strangulating yolk sac remnants are a potential cause of unexplained abortion in mares and should be included in the differential diagnosis.
- •Warmblood breeders in Brazil should implement genetic screening for the PLOD1 c.2032G>A mutation to identify carrier animals and prevent breeding two carriers together, which would produce affected foals
- •With 11% carrier prevalence, the risk of affected foals (1 in 16 from two carrier matings) is significant enough to warrant pre-breeding testing protocols
- •Veterinarians should educate warmblood breeders about WFFS risk, recommend carrier screening before breeding decisions, and counsel on the clinical consequences of neonatal skin lesions and potential abortion losses
- •Screen and vaccinate breeding mares against Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki to prevent abortion and neonatal disease; infected mares may shed organisms in urine for weeks post-abortion without other clinical signs.
- •Recognize recurrent uveitis in adult horses as a potential sequela of prior leptospiral infection months or years earlier; systemic antibiotics are ineffective for ocular disease despite intraocular infection.
- •Treat acute renal failure from leptospirosis aggressively with antibiotics and supportive care, as this syndrome responds well to intervention in younger horses.
- •Monitor for equine herpesvirus type 1 as an ongoing cause of abortion in your practice population
- •Stay informed of international disease trends through quarterly surveillance reports to anticipate potential disease introduction
- •Maintain awareness of current disease status through official surveillance channels to support biosecurity and clinical decision-making
- •Recognize clinical signs of placentitis (vaginal discharge, udder development, premature lactation, delivery of premature/dead foals) as indicators requiring immediate intervention to prevent preterm loss
- •Understanding inflammatory mechanisms in equine placentitis can guide therapeutic targeting of myometrial contraction and cytokine-mediated fetal stress responses
- •Bacterial placentitis, particularly streptococcal infections, represents a significant and manageable cause of pregnancy loss that warrants investigation and prevention strategies
- •Veterinarians should maintain high index of suspicion for EHM given rising incidence in North America and implement appropriate diagnostic protocols and isolation procedures
- •Implement evidence-based vaccination strategies and outbreak prevention protocols specific to EHV-1 to protect both individual horses and barn populations
- •Early recognition of clinical signs of abortion and neurological disease is critical for timely diagnosis and limiting disease spread within equine facilities
- •In horses with suspected coccidioidomycosis, serological titre levels can help predict disease severity and prognosis—high titres (>100) generally indicate disseminated or severe pulmonary disease with poor survival outlook
- •Horses presenting with abortion or localized bone/skin lesions typically have low titres and better survival rates, warranting more aggressive treatment attempts
- •Use serological titre results alongside clinical signs to inform owners about realistic treatment outcomes and management decisions
- •Recognize EHV-1 as the primary viral threat for reproductive loss and neurological disease in horses; monitor pregnant mares and young foals closely during outbreak situations
- •Understand that latency and unpredictable reactivation complicate control strategies; implement biosecurity measures and consider vaccination protocols appropriate to your operation's risk profile
- •Stay informed about emerging vaccine options, particularly temperature-sensitive live vaccines, which may offer improved protection compared to conventional inactivated vaccines
Key Research Findings
Of 7009 identified studies, only 9 met inclusion criteria for in vivo therapeutic interventions in horses with EHV-1
Interventions tested included valacyclovir, small interfering RNAs, Parapoxvirus ovis-based immunomodulator, human alpha interferon, herbal supplement, cytosine analog, and heparin
Most studies reported no benefit or minimal efficacy for any tested intervention in preventing or treating EHV-1-associated disease
Risk of bias was moderate to high across included studies with small sample sizes and evidence ranging from randomized controlled trials to observational trials
35 peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria from 1018 identified studies, predominantly experimental (31/35) with small sample sizes and moderate risk of bias
Eight vaccine subclasses identified: three commercial types (modified-live, inactivated, mixed) and five experimental types (modified-live, inactivated, deletion mutant, DNA, recombinant)
Commercial and experimental EHV-1 vaccines minimally reduce incidence of clinical disease, with several studies reporting no benefit or minimal efficacy
Meta-analyses revealed significant heterogeneity and low-to-moderate quality of evidence for most outcomes (pyrexia, abortion, neurologic disease, viremia, nasal shedding)
EHV-1 is highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic in equids with serious consequences including abortion and neurological disease (EHM)
Evidence for successful vaccination against EHV-1 infection is limited despite its prevalence as a clinical problem
Evidence for effective pharmaceutical treatment of EHV-1 infection is limited, indicating need for improved study design
Systematic reviews identified significant gaps in experimental design and reporting standards in existing EHV-1 literature
34 studies met inclusion criteria from 189 identified studies, with 30 evaluating viremia and neurologic outcomes and 8 examining viremia and abortion
Viremia was generally detectable before the onset of either EHM or abortion in both experimental and observational studies
Incidence rates for EHM and abortion varied considerably among studies, with no clear correlation established between viremia magnitude or duration and clinical outcomes
Evidence Base
Pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of equine herpesvirus-1 in domesticated horses: A systematic review.
Goehring Lutz, Dorman David C, Osterrieder Klaus et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Systematic Review
Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Osterrieder Klaus, Dorman David C, Burgess Brandy A et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Systematic Review
Updated ACVIM consensus statement on equine herpesvirus-1.
Lunn David P, Burgess Brandy A, Dorman David C et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Systematic Review
Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review.
Soboll-Hussey Gisela, Dorman David C, Burgess Brandy A et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Systematic Review
Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses.
Pusterla Nicola, Dorman David C, Burgess Brandy A et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Systematic Review
A survey of equine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death in the UK from 1988 to 1997.
Smith K C, Blunden A S, Whitwell K E et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal
Systematic Review
Occurrence of ultrasonographic assessed placental abnormalities, treatments, pregnancy outcome, and subsequent fertility on a large warmblood stud farm: A retrospective field study.
Sielhorst J, Koether K, Volkmann N et al. (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Cohort Study
Incidence and causes of pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation in Thoroughbreds.
Roach Jessica M, Foote Alastair K, Smith Ken C et al. (2021) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain.
Cruz F, Fores P, Mughini-Gras L et al. (2016) — The Veterinary record
Cohort Study
Potential differences between Leptospira serovars, host-adapted (Bratislava) and incidental (Copenhageni), in determining reproductive disorders in embryo transfer recipient mares in Brazil.
Pinna A, Martins G, Hamond C et al. (2014) — The Veterinary record
Cohort Study
A predictive model for reproductive performance following abortion in Thoroughbred mares.
Schulman M L, Kass P H, Becker A et al. (2013) — The Veterinary record
Cohort Study
Serum amyloid A concentration in healthy periparturient mares and mares with ascending placentitis.
Coutinho da Silva M A, Canisso I F, MacPherson M L et al. (2013) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Allele frequency and likely impact of the glycogen branching enzyme deficiency gene in Quarter Horse and Paint Horse populations.
Wagner M L, Valberg S J, Ames E G et al. (2006) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Cohort Study
Equine leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome: An atypical manifestation of equine leptospirosis.
Decoster Céline, Lefère Laurence, Raes Els et al. (2026) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Controlling drug-resistant bacteria in Arabian horses: bacteriophage cocktails for treating wound infections.
Khalid Esraa, Tartor Yasmine H, Ammar Ahmed M et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Case Report
Hamond Camila, Adam Emma N, Stone Nathan E et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Case Report
Placental abnormalities associated with Leptospira interrogans infection in naturally infected mares.
Aymée L, Dantas F T D R, Ezepha C et al. (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Case Report
Streptococcus ovis associated abortion in an Icelandic mare.
Agerholm J S, Damborg P, Christoffersen M (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Case Report
Outbreak of neuropathogenic equid herpesvirus 1 causing abortions in Yili horses of Zhaosu, North Xinjiang, China.
Tong Panpan, Duan Ruli, Palidan Nuerlan et al. (2022) — BMC veterinary research
Case Report
A Diagnostic Survey of Aborted Equine Fetuses and Stillborn Premature Foals in Denmark.
Agerholm Jørgen Steen, Klas Eva-Maria, Damborg Peter et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science
Case Report
Show 21 more references
Outbreak of equid herpesvirus 1 abortions at the Arabian stud in Poland.
Stasiak Karol, Dunowska Magdalena, Rola Jerzy (2020) — BMC veterinary research
Case Report
Fungal Placentitis Caused by Aspergillus terreus in a Mare: Case Report.
Orellana-Guerrero Daniela, Renaudin Catherine, Edwards Lisa et al. (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Case Report
Coagulation parameters following equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses.
Wilson M E, Holz C L, Kopec A K et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
First isolation of Bunyamwera virus (Bunyaviridae family) from horses with neurological disease and an abortion in Argentina.
Tauro Laura B, Rivarola Maria E, Lucca Eduardo et al. (2015) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Case Report
Equid herpesvirus type 1 activates platelets.
Stokol Tracy, Yeo Wee Ming, Burnett Deborah et al. (2015) — PloS one
Case Report
Processionary caterpillar setae and equine fetal loss: 2. Histopathology of the fetal-placental unit from experimentally exposed mares.
Todhunter K H, Cawdell-Smith A J, Bryden W L et al. (2014) — Veterinary pathology
Case Report
Two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs.
Barbić L, Lojkić I, Stevanović V et al. (2012) — The Veterinary record
Case Report
Identification of Bartonella henselae in an aborted equine fetus.
Johnson R, Ramos-Vara J, Vemulapalli R (2009) — Veterinary pathology
Case Report
Abortion in a thoroughbred mare associated with an infection with avirulent Rhodococcus equi.
Nakamura Y, Nishi H, Katayama Y et al. (2007) — The Veterinary record
Case Report
A novel Gaussia luciferase immunoprecipitation assay for the detection of Getah virus antibodies in pigs.
Li Chenxi, Zhang Linjie, Guo Jinyao et al. (2025) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Expert Opinion
An Overview of Infectious and Non-Infectious Causes of Pregnancy Losses in Equine.
Li Liangliang, Li Shuwen, Ma Haoran et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Expert Opinion
Cobalt Protoporphyrin Blocks EqHV-8 Infection via IFN-α/β Production.
Li Liangliang, Hu Xinyao, Li Shuwen et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Expert Opinion
Detection of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 from Arabian Horses with different clinical presentations between 2016-2019 in Egypt.
Ahdy Ahmed M, Ahmed Basem M, Elgamal Mahmoud A et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Expert Opinion
The Yolk Sac of the Equine Placenta. Its Remnant and Potential Problems.
Vilaregut Laura, Lores Marco, Wilsher Sandra (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Expert Opinion
Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome causative single nucleotide polymorphism frequency in Warmblood horses in Brazil.
Dias Natalia Moraes, de Andrade Danilo Giorgi Abranches, Teixeira-Neto Antônio Raphael et al. (2019) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Expert Opinion
Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses.
Divers T J, Chang Y-F, Irby N L et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary.
(2016) — The Veterinary record
Expert Opinion
Immunology of infective preterm delivery in the mare.
Lyle S K (2014) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement.
Lunn D P, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio M J B F et al. (2009) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Expert Opinion
Comparison of Coccidioides immitis serological antibody titres between forms of clinical coccidioidomycosis in horses.
Higgins Jill C, Pusterla Nicola, Pappagianis Demosthenes (2007) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Expert Opinion
Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.
Patel J R, Heldens J (2005) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Expert Opinion