Back Pain: What the Research Says
Evidence from 43 peer-reviewed studies
1 RCT
12 Cohort Study
10 Case Report
20 Expert Opinion
What Professionals Should Know
- •All three riderless training modalities (water treadmill, dry treadmill, lunging) effectively reduced back pain sensitivity and improved muscle development over 6 weeks — choice can be based on facility availability and horse preference
- •Water treadmill offers no advantage over standard dry treadmill or lunging for back pain rehabilitation, potentially simplifying treatment decisions for practitioners without water facilities
- •Pain threshold improvements and muscle development gains suggest riderless training should be part of back pain management protocols, particularly during early rehabilitation phases
- •Expect spinal dysfunction in showjumping horses as the norm rather than exception—100% prevalence suggests screening should be routine in performance horses
- •Lumbar and thoracic regions warrant particular attention in athletic horses; cervical assessment becomes increasingly important in older animals
- •Back pain complaints from owners should prompt comprehensive spinal evaluation; chiropractic examination may identify dysfunction contributing to poor performance or stiffness
- •Mild radiographic changes to spinous processes are normal findings in active jumping horses and should not automatically be assumed to be causing poor performance — clinical signs must be evaluated independently
- •Radiographic abnormalities alone are insufficient to explain back pain or performance issues; further diagnostic investigation of other potential causes is warranted
- •Horses competing at higher levels may have greater cumulative radiographic changes, but this does not preclude continued successful performance
- •BEMER blanket therapy may provide clinically meaningful improvements in back pain and postural stability in horses with epaxial muscle pain, though results should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample size and lack of control group
- •This therapy produced measurable biomechanical improvements (nociception thresholds, spinal flexibility, stability) that could complement multimodal back pain management protocols
- •Serum biomarkers did not track treatment effects, so clinical and biomechanical assessments remain more reliable for monitoring response to BEMER therapy
- •Routine subjective saddle fit assessment by trained professionals provides clinically relevant information that correlates with objective pressure measurements—use both methods together for comprehensive evaluation
- •Focus saddle fit corrections on panel angle, curvature, channel width, and waist configuration, as these features show strong correlation with problematic pressure distribution
- •Recognize that high saddle pressure alone does not predict back pain; investigate other factors (rider weight distribution, riding technique, horse fitness, underlying spinal pathology) when addressing equine back problems
- •Manual palpation by trained physiotherapists using standardized categorical scoring is a reliable and practical alternative to mechanical devices for assessing equine thoracic back pain
- •Pressure algometers show inconsistent results between operators and sessions—avoid relying on these devices alone for objective assessment of equine back pain
- •FlexiForce sensors are highly repeatable within a single operator but require standardization before clinical use; invest in proper training protocols if adopting this technology
- •Assess visible muscle development during veterinary examinations as an indicator of back stability and support for rider weight
- •Well-developed thoracic, lumbar, and abdominal muscles are associated with better lumbosacral stabilization in dressage horses
- •Muscle development evaluation can guide prevention and rehabilitation protocols for ridden back problems in performance horses
- •Persistent one-sided saddle slip in a horse should prompt investigation for hindlimb lameness, particularly as a diagnostic indicator when other causes have been excluded
- •Resolution of saddle slip following treatment of hindlimb lameness confirms the lameness as the primary causative factor and validates the therapeutic approach
- •Saddle slip direction may help localize the lamer hindlimb, aiding clinical assessment and diagnostic focus
- •Monitor neck posture (roundness vs. concavity) as a simple visual indicator of back health in your horses; concave necks suggest muscular tension and dysfunction
- •Horses kept in individual boxes with intensive riding show more signs of back dysfunction than those in social group settings with relaxed work — management and training intensity matter for spinal health
- •Manual palpation by an experienced practitioner correlates well with objective sEMG findings, validating skilled hands-on assessment as a practical diagnostic tool in field conditions
- •Nuclear scintigraphy is a useful diagnostic tool for horses presenting with thoracolumbar pain, particularly when moderate-to-intense uptake patterns are observed
- •Moderate or intense radiopharmaceutical uptake in facet joints is highly suggestive of back pain and should prompt clinical correlation and treatment planning
- •The objective scintigraphic grading system provides a standardized, reproducible method for assessing facet joint pathology across different cases and clinicians
- •Pressure algometry provides a practical, objective tool for documenting and tracking pain in the neck, back, and croup—useful for monitoring response to treatment or exercise modifications
- •Baseline MNT values differ significantly between horses based on age, breed, sex, and fitness; establish individual baseline measurements rather than relying on population averages
- •Symmetrical measurements across the midline are expected in healthy horses; asymmetrical thresholds may indicate regional pain or pathology worth investigating
- •This objective kinematic tool can help clinically identify horses with back pain by detecting specific movement restrictions at the thoracolumbar region, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy beyond subjective lameness assessments
- •Compensatory movement patterns (increased lateral bending, reduced pelvic rotation) accompany back dysfunction and may guide targeted treatment strategies
- •Further validation with confirmed diagnoses and post-treatment follow-up data is needed before implementing this measurement technique routinely in clinical practice
- •Saddle fit and rider weight work together to extend the horse's back; poor saddle fit combined with heavier riders may increase injury risk, particularly for kissing spine-prone horses
- •Monitor horses for compensatory forelimb movement patterns when carrying weight, as altered limb kinematics may indicate back stress
- •Consider saddle choice and rider weight distribution as modifiable risk factors in managing horses with back pain or KSS
- •High prevalence of lumbosacroiliac anatomical variations and acquired pathological changes in cadaver specimens suggests transrectal ultrasonography findings must be interpreted carefully in live horses with back pain, as variants may be incidental
- •Age-related increases in sacroiliac and lumbosacral spondylosis severity indicate older horses warrant closer monitoring of back function and may benefit from adapted work management
- •The correlation between specific anatomical variations (disc morphology, promontorium location, spinous process orientation) and pathological changes suggests these anatomical factors may predispose horses to certain degenerative patterns and could inform preventive management strategies
- •Ultrasound measurement of multifidus muscle cross-sectional area is not yet reliable enough for clinical monitoring of individual horses over time due to poor day-to-day repeatability
- •If using this technique, standardize equipment (console vs portable machine), operator technique, and imaging protocols rigorously, as measurement variability primarily stems from image acquisition rather than measurement error
- •Current evidence does not support using multifidus ultrasound measurements as a validated diagnostic or monitoring tool for equine back problems until standardization and validation studies with larger populations are completed
- •HILT may provide short-term pain relief and muscle relaxation in racehorses with back pain, with measurable thermal and palpation changes occurring after a single treatment
- •Treatment efficacy appears similar regardless of whether Kissing Spines is present, suggesting HILT may address soft tissue pain components independent of structural spinal pathology
- •Results are preliminary; larger studies with placebo controls and longer follow-up are needed before implementing HILT as a standalone back pain protocol in practice
- •ISLD is a reasonable treatment option for ORDSP, with ~91% of horses returning to some work and 79% of owners satisfied with results
- •Manage owner expectations: only ~53% return to their previous performance level; discuss that imaging severity doesn't predict outcome
- •Plan for ~35 months follow-up; recurrent back pain (37.5% of cases) and concurrent lameness should be screened for post-operatively
- •Dynamic mobilisation exercises are an evidence-based intervention to restore multifidus muscle size and function in horses with back issues
- •Targeted spinal stabiliser exercises should be incorporated into rehabilitation protocols for equine back pain and instability
- •Regular dynamic mobilisation work may prevent or reverse multifidus atrophy and associated intervertebral instability in performance horses
- •Ultrasonographic measurement of multifidus muscle symmetry may help identify racehorses with underlying spinal pathology, particularly at the lumbosacral region
- •Marked asymmetry of the multifidus muscle on ultrasound warrants further investigation for osseous spinal pathology using imaging (radiography, scintigraphy, or advanced imaging)
- •This technique could complement clinical examination in back problem investigations in racing Thoroughbreds without requiring advanced imaging modalities
- •High prevalence of undiagnosed back problems in riding horses suggests regular spinal assessment should be standard practice; many horses may be working in pain and discomfort
- •Rider position directly affects horse posture and spinal mechanics—investing in proper rider instruction and position correction is not just about technique, it directly impacts your horse's physical welfare
- •Schools and instructors should prioritize teaching correct rider balance and position from the start, as this is foundational to preventing or managing spinal problems in working horses
- •Endoscopic DSP resection is a viable minimally invasive alternative to traditional open surgery for horses with impinging dorsal spinous processes, with 90% complication-free outcomes
- •Most horses can return to full work within 8 weeks, though some may not regain previous performance capacity even with successful surgery
- •Hemorrhage control during the procedure is manageable but can affect surgical visibility—this technique requires appropriate equipment and operator experience
- •Radiographic and scintigraphic findings of spinous process changes are extremely common in clinically normal riding horses and should not be automatically interpreted as the cause of back pain
- •The presence of structural changes or increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the thoracolumbar spine does not necessarily indicate pathology requiring treatment
- •Clinical diagnosis of equine back pain cannot rely on imaging findings alone; correlation with clinical signs, ridden behaviour, and response to treatment is essential
- •Sacroiliac joint pathology should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses presenting with poor performance, back pain, or hindlimb lameness rather than assuming it is a diagnosis of exclusion
- •A validated injection technique is now available for therapeutic intervention and diagnostic confirmation of sacroiliac joint involvement
- •Practitioners should develop skill in this periarticular injection technique to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment options for performance horses
- •Have riders assessed for postural asymmetry and pelvic orientation issues—many are unaware of imbalances affecting their horse's performance and soundness.
- •Recommend structured off-horse fitness programmes combining core training, cross-training, and nutrition to improve rider stability and reduce strain on the horse.
- •Use saddle pressure mapping or weight distribution assessment to identify how rider biomechanics translate to uneven loading on your horse's back.
- •If a horse is regularly cold-backed or shows behavioural resistance to saddling/mounting, this likely indicates pain or discomfort — have the saddle fit professionally assessed rather than assuming the horse needs more warm-up
- •Using one saddle across multiple horses significantly increases the risk of fit problems and back pain; individual saddle fitting should be considered a welfare priority
- •Back tenderness on palpation and evasion during mounting are common signs of saddle-related back issues — riders should seek professional help (veterinary and saddle fitter) rather than accepting these as normal
- •Routine back radiographs are not recommended during PPEs unless the clinical examination findings warrant further imaging investigation
- •Radiographic findings of thoracolumbar abnormalities cannot reliably predict back pain or performance problems, so should not drive purchasing decisions
- •Clinical examination of the back remains the appropriate screening tool; reserve radiography for cases with specific clinical indicators
- •Nearly half of eventing horses experience musculoskeletal problems; focus preventive strategies on the foot and joint structures as priority areas for your population
- •Injury prevention strategies should differ by context: educate riders about competition-related hoof/tendon injuries and training-related ligament/stifle injuries
- •Recovery time varies dramatically by injury type (2 weeks to >12 months); set realistic owner expectations and tailor rehabilitation protocols accordingly
- •You can obtain useful thoracolumbar radiographs with portable equipment if you position carefully — you don't always need a clinic visit
- •Don't rely on radiographs alone to diagnose back pain; abnormal images are common in sound horses and normal images don't rule out pain
- •Always combine radiographic findings with thorough clinical examination and palpation to localize pain before treating
- •Work with chartered veterinary physiotherapists as part of your equine care team; they assess both horse and rider biomechanics to address back pain comprehensively
- •Expect physiotherapy protocols to progress from pain management and manual therapy toward active rehabilitation with specific exercises to restore strength and correct movement patterns
- •Your riding position and effectiveness directly affect your horse's back health—a physiotherapist can assess and correct rider issues that may be contributing to or preventing recovery from back pain
- •Surgeons performing interspinous ligament desmotomy must be cautious to keep instruments strictly on midline to avoid transecting dorsal spinal nerve branches, which causes permanent muscle atrophy on the opposite side
- •Local anaesthesia for back pain diagnosis is unreliable in horses due to poor anatomical knowledge; inconsistent responses between horses may reflect anatomical variation or nerve distribution differences rather than diagnostic failure
- •When horses with suspected back pain show poor response to regional anaesthesia or develop post-operative muscle wasting, consider nerve injury as a possible cause and seek detailed anatomical imaging or specialist consultation
- •Back pain management shows distinctly different referral patterns than lameness—expect significant portions of your client base to pursue CAVM therapists first for spinal issues, so clear communication about evidence-based treatment is essential
- •Most horse owners (85-90%) will use some complementary methods regardless; positioning yourself as a collaborative partner with CAVM providers (rather than dismissing them) may improve client relationships and overall patient care outcomes
- •There is clear demand from both practitioners and therapists for better regulation and evidence standards in CAVM—documenting outcomes and staying informed about CAVM practices can strengthen your professional credibility with clients
- •Cold laser therapy may improve muscle firing patterns and coordination in the back and hip muscles, even if it does not directly increase pain thresholds measured by algometry
- •Any benefits from laser therapy on muscle function appear to develop within 24 hours rather than immediately, so expect delayed rather than acute effects
- •The dissociation between unchanged pain thresholds and improved muscle firing suggests laser therapy may work through mechanisms other than simple pain relief in healthy horses
- •Saddle fit quality is a concern affecting both competition and leisure horses—regular professional saddle checks should be routine practice regardless of riding discipline
- •Competition level alone does not predispose horses to orthopedic problems; focus instead on proper muscular conditioning, saddle fit, and back health management for all horses
- •Leisure horses kept in natural conditions with turnout are not automatically healthier—body condition management and regular assessment for gait, muscular development, and back pain remain essential
- •ESWT can effectively reduce pain sensitivity in horses with thoracolumbar pain, with most horses showing improvement by day 35-45
- •The thoracic region responds better to ESWT than the lumbar region, which may inform treatment site selection
- •ESWT should be combined with physiotherapy or rehabilitation techniques to address concurrent muscle atrophy, as pain relief alone does not restore muscle mass
- •Use a structured investigation approach when assessing horses with suspected back pain to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment selection
- •Distinguish between primary back pathology and secondary causes, as this affects your treatment recommendations and prognosis
- •Familiarize yourself with the most common back conditions to narrow your differential diagnosis and guide further investigation
- •Epiduroscopy offers a potential advanced diagnostic tool for horses with persistent back pain that has not been clarified by standard imaging (radiography, ultrasound, MRI)
- •This technique may enable direct visualization and potentially therapeutic intervention in the epidural space, addressing cases where imaging has been inconclusive
- •Consider referral for epiduroscopy when dealing with performance horses with back pain where conventional diagnostics have not identified a clear cause
- •Establish a protocol for professional saddle fit assessment at least annually, and more frequently if work intensity changes
- •Evaluate saddle fit both before and after exercise as back dimensions change during work
- •Investigate hindlimb lameness as the primary cause when saddle slip occurs, rather than automatically assuming saddle fit problems
- •Avoid using numnahs that apply pressure to spinous processes; use pads only temporarily to address specific fit issues
- •Facet joint osteoarthritis should be considered as a primary diagnosis in horses presenting with thoracolumbar pain and poor performance, not just as an incidental finding
- •Multiple lesions in the caudal thoracic/cranial lumbar region are common; imaging should focus on T15-L1 when back pain is suspected
- •The presence of dorsal spinous process impingement significantly alters clinical presentation, so concurrent abnormalities should be assessed to guide prognosis and treatment decisions
- •Chiropractic manipulations produce measurable kinematic changes in the thoracolumbar spine and pelvis, with some improvements persisting at 3-week follow-up, but the clinical significance of these small angular changes remains unclear
- •Effects are modest and varied by region and timepoint; without a control group or larger sample, it is impossible to determine if changes represent true treatment effect or natural variation
- •If considering chiropractic treatment for back pain, recognize that any benefits appear to involve spinal mobility and pelvic symmetry rather than limb mechanics, and longer-term clinical outcome studies are needed before drawing firm conclusions
- •Understanding lumbar spine innervation enables more targeted local anesthetic nerve blocks to identify specific sources of back pain in horses with lameness
- •This anatomical reference can guide placement of diagnostic injections to improve localization of back pain, supporting more precise diagnosis and treatment
- •Knowledge of nerve distribution patterns helps clinicians interpret responses to regional anesthesia when investigating equine back pain
- •Ultrasound examination of the sacroiliac region is readily accessible to most equine practitioners and can improve diagnosis of sacroiliac pathology using standardized reference parameters.
- •Both transcutaneous (above tubera sacrale) and transrectal approaches provide complementary information for complete sacroiliac assessment.
- •Knowing normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the region—particularly distinguishing the longissimus dorsi tendon from dorsal sacroiliac ligament—is essential for identifying pathological changes in horses presenting with back pain.
- •This kinematic reference database provides objective standards for assessing back dysfunction, moving beyond subjective clinical examination which varies between practitioners.
- •Expected movement symmetry is high in healthy horses; asymmetrical movement patterns may warrant investigation as potential indicators of back dysfunction.
- •Account for differences in back kinematics based on horse use and gender when evaluating individual horses, and expect reduced thoracolumbar flexion/extension in older horses as a normal age-related change.
- •If a performance horse presents with back pain undiagnosed by standard clinical and imaging techniques, consider PSSM as a differential diagnosis and recommend epaxial muscle biopsy
- •PSSM affects sport horses across disciplines (jumping, dressage) and may be a more common cause of back pain than previously recognized
- •Muscle biopsy from the back muscle (M. longissimus lumborum) is a practical diagnostic tool that can guide targeted dietary and management interventions for affected horses
Key Research Findings
Visual muscle development scores for lumbar region significantly improved at week 6 compared to baseline (p=0.001)
Palpation sensitivity along thoracic and lumbar regions significantly improved at week 6 (p<0.001)
Mechanical nociceptive thresholds increased significantly at T18 and L3 by week 3-6 across all three training modalities with no significant differences between groups (p>0.05)
Water treadmill training, dry treadmill training, and lunging produced equivalent outcomes for pain threshold improvement in saddle contact areas
All 492 jumping horses examined had spinal articular dysfunction, with no animals free of dysfunction
Average of 11.9 ± 3.5 dysfunctional spinal segments per horse, ranging from 2 to 23
89.8% of horses had segmental dysfunction across all three spinal regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar)
Lumbar vertebrae (L3, L2, L4) and thoracic sling area (T7) most frequently affected; cervical dysfunction increases with age
100% of Warmblood jumping horses in active competition showed radiographic abnormalities of thoracolumbar spinous processes, with narrowed interspinous spaces and sclerosis most common at T15-L1
Mild radiographic abnormalities did not significantly correlate with current performance level, age, or years of competition (p > 0.05)
Highest career level showed weak positive correlation with narrowed interspinous spaces (r = .21, p = 0.037) and sclerosis (r = .21, p = 0.034)
Observer agreement for grading radiographic abnormalities was moderate-to-good, supporting reliability of assessment methodology
BEMER blanket therapy significantly improved nociceptive thresholds in thoracolumbar epaxial muscles
Center of pressure displacement improved significantly, indicating enhanced postural stability
Significant gains in spinal flexibility were demonstrated by study completion
Evidence Base
Evaluation of water treadmill training, lunging and treadmill training in the rehabilitation of horses with back pain.
Geiger Tobias, Lindenhahn Liesa, Delarocque Julien et al. (2025) — BMC veterinary research
RCT
Spinal articular dysfunction is common in athletic horses.
Patricio Claudia R, Winter Gustavo H Z, Garbade Petra (2025) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Mild radiographic abnormalities of thoracolumbar spinous processes are not associated with decreased performance in 100 Warmblood jumping horses in active competition.
Kerbert M P, le Jeune S S, Philips K L et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Cohort Study
Effects of a Bio-Electromagnetic Energy Regulation Blanket on Thoracolumbar Epaxial Muscle Pain in Horses.
King Melissa R, Seabaugh Kathryn A, Frisbie David D (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Cohort Study
"Feel the Force"-Prevalence of Subjectively Assessed Saddle Fit Problems in Swiss Riding Horses and Their Association With Saddle Pressure Measurements and Back Pain.
Dittmann Marie T, Arpagaus Samuel, Hungerbühler Valerie et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Cohort Study
Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability of Soft Tissue Palpation Scoring in the Equine Thoracic Epaxial Region.
Merrifield-Jones Megan, Tabor Gillian, Williams Jane (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Cohort Study
Is the Movement of the Thoracolumbar and Lumbosacral Joints in the Ridden Dressage Horse Affected by Muscle Development?
Walker V.A., Tranquille C.A., Duch S.E. et al. (2013) — Equine Veterinary Journal
Cohort Study
An investigation of the relationship between hindlimb lameness and saddle slip.
Greve L, Dyson S J (2013) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Towards a postural indicator of back pain in horses (Equus caballus).
Lesimple Clémence, Fureix Carole, De Margerie Emmanuel et al. (2012) — PloS one
Cohort Study
Nuclear scintigraphic assessment of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations.
Gillen A, Dyson S, Murray R (2009) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the axial skeleton of horses.
Haussler K K, Erb H N (2006) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Kinematic evaluation of the back in the sport horse with back pain.
Wennerstrand J, Johnston C, Roethlisberger-Holm K et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Effects of girth, saddle and weight on movements of the horse.
de Cocq P, van Weeren P R, Back W (2004) — Equine veterinary journal
Cohort Study
Post-mortem ultrasonographic and computed tomographic features of the anatomical variations and acquired pathological bony changes of the lumbosacroiliac region in a mixed population of horses.
Scilimati Nicola, Beccati Francesca, Pepe Marco et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Repeatability of ultrasonographic measurement of cross‐sectional area of the multifidus muscle in the horse
Symonds Nicolle E., Dart Andrew J., Perkins Nigel R. et al. (2024) — Equine Veterinary Education
Case Report
A Preliminary Study of the Influence of High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on Skin Surface Temperature and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Tone Changes in Thoroughbred Racehorses with Back Pain.
Zielińska Paulina, Soroko-Dubrovina Maria, Dudek Krzysztof et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Case Report
Long-term prognosis for return to athletic function after interspinous ligament desmotomy for treatment of impinging and overriding dorsal spinous processes in horses: 71 cases (2012-2017).
Prisk Amanda J, García-López José M (2019) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Case Report
Dynamic mobilisation exercises increase cross sectional area of musculus multifidus.
Stubbs N C, Kaiser L J, Hauptman J et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Osseous spinal pathology and epaxial muscle ultrasonography in Thoroughbred racehorses
STUBBS N. C., RIGGS C. M., HODGES P. W. et al. (2010) — Equine Veterinary Journal
Case Report
Human direct actions may alter animal welfare, a study on horses (Equus caballus).
Lesimple Clémence, Fureix Carole, Menguy Hervé et al. (2010) — PloS one
Case Report
Show 23 more references
Endoscopic resection of dorsal spinous processes and interspinous ligament in ten horses.
Desbrosse Francis G, Perrin Roland, Launois Thomas et al. (2007) — Veterinary surgery : VS
Case Report
Relationship between scintigraphic and radiographic evaluations of spinous processes in the thoracolumbar spine in riding horses without clinical signs of back problems.
Erichsen C, Eksell P, Holm K Roethlisberger et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
Development and validation of a periarticular injection technique of the sacroiliac joint in horses.
Engeli E, Haussler K K, Erb H N (2004) — Equine veterinary journal
Case Report
A narrative review of factors influencing rider performance and horse welfare in equestrian activities
Orsolya Balog, Krisztián Havanecz, Tamás Csányi et al. (2026) — Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
Expert Opinion
UK saddle survey Part 2 – Behavioural and physical responses of horses to saddles during mounting and riding
G. Tabor, J.M. Williams, D. Marlin (2025) — Comparative Exercise Physiology
Expert Opinion
Should radiographs of the thoracolumbar spine remain part of the pre‐purchase examination?
Looijen Maty G. P., Morgan Rhiannon E. (2024) — Equine Veterinary Education
Expert Opinion
Musculoskeletal Injury and Illness Patterns in British Eventing Horses: A Descriptive Study.
Tranquille Carolyne A, Chojnacka Kate, Murray Rachel C (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Expert Opinion
Radiographic examination of the equine thoracolumbar spine
Berner Dagmar (2023) — UK-Vet Equine
Expert Opinion
Veterinary physiotherapy for back pain in the horse
G. Tabor (2022) — UK-Vet Equine
Expert Opinion
Implications of the neuroanatomy of the equine thoracolumbar vertebral column with regional anaesthesia and complications following desmotomy of the interspinous ligament.
Derham Ann M, Schumacher Jim, O' Leary John M et al. (2021) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
A Questionnaire Study on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine for Horses in Sweden.
Gilberg Karin, Bergh Anna, Sternberg-Lewerin Susanna (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
Expert Opinion
An Investigation Into the Short-Term Effects of Photobiomodulation on the Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds of M. Longissimus and M. Gluteus Medius, in Relation to Muscle Firing Rate in Horses at Three Different Gaits.
Ahmed Waqas, Elbrønd Vibeke S, Harrison Adrian P et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Expert Opinion
Husbandry, Use, and Orthopedic Health of Horses Owned by Competitive and Leisure Riders in Switzerland.
M. Dittmann, S. N. Latif, Ramona Hefti et al. (2020) — Journal of equine veterinary science
Expert Opinion
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy raises mechanical nociceptive threshold in horses with thoracolumbar pain.
Trager L R, Funk R A, Clapp K S et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
An introduction to back pathology in the horse
Henson Frances (2020) — UK-Vet Equine
Expert Opinion
Epiduroscopy of the lumbosacral vertebral canal in the horse: Technique and endoscopic anatomy.
Prange T, Shrauner B D, Blikslager A T (2016) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Saddles and girths: What is new?
Dyson Sue, Greve Line (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Expert Opinion
Osteoarthritis of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations: clinical and radiographic features in 77 horses with poor performance and back pain.
Girodroux M, Dyson S, Murray R (2009) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Effect of chiropractic manipulations on the kinematics of back and limbs in horses with clinically diagnosed back problems.
Gomez Alvarez C B, L'ami J J, Moffat D et al. (2008) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Innervation and nerve injections of the lumbar spine of the horse: a cadaveric study.
Vandeweerd J M, Desbrosse F, Clegg P et al. (2007) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Ultrasonographic examination of the equine sacroiliac region.
Kersten A A M, Edinger J (2004) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Kinematic evaluation of the back in fully functioning riding horses.
Johnston C, Holm K Roethlisberger, Erichsen C et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion
Polysaccharide storage myopathy in the M. longissimus lumborum of showjumpers and dressage horses with back pain.
Quiroz-Rothe E, Novales M, Aguilera-Tejero E et al. (2002) — Equine veterinary journal
Expert Opinion