Laminitis: What the Research Says

Evidence from 281 peer-reviewed studies

7 Systematic Review
10 RCT
80 Cohort Study
53 Case Report
121 Expert Opinion
10 Thesis

What Professionals Should Know

  • •Acupuncture appears moderately effective for laminitis management and should be considered as a complementary treatment option alongside conventional therapies
  • •A structured protocol of twice-weekly treatments over 4 weeks is supported by evidence and provides a practical timeframe for practitioners
  • •Multiple acupuncture techniques are available, allowing practitioners to select methods based on individual horse circumstances and facility capabilities
  • •Colic surgery patients have over 6 times the risk of post-operative complications compared to elective procedures—set owner expectations accordingly and implement intensive post-operative monitoring protocols
  • •Post-operative colic is the most common morbidity; vigilant monitoring for abdominal pain and appropriate prophylactic strategies should be prioritized in immediate post-operative care
  • •Laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, and fever/pyrexia occur significantly more after colic surgery—tailor preventive measures (anti-inflammatory therapy, digestive support, antimicrobials) based on surgery type
  • •Consider age (≥15 years), hypertrichosis, and delayed hair shedding as primary indicators for PPID testing; use TRH stimulation testing for improved diagnostic accuracy over basal ACTH alone, especially outside autumn months
  • •Recognize that breed and seasonal factors substantially influence ACTH values—interpret results using equivocal ranges and pre-test probability rather than fixed cutoffs to avoid false positive diagnoses and unnecessary lifelong therapy
  • •Start pergolide treatment based on clinical signs and diagnostic results; monitor clinical improvement rather than strictly chasing ACTH values, as hormone levels may normalize without full clinical resolution and compliance with treatment is often poor
  • •Always combine local anaesthesia with systemic NSAIDs for castration cases and continue pain relief for 3 days post-op; opioids alone are inadequate for this procedure
  • •Use phenylbutazone preferentially for laminitis and hoof pain management, but choose flunixin or firocoxib when treating colic-associated pain
  • •Monitor all horses on NSAIDs for right dorsal colitis and those on opioids for reduced locomotor activity and potential ileus
  • •Expect PPID in approximately 1 in 5 horses aged 15+ years; clinical suspicion should be high in older animals with hypertrichosis and laminitis
  • •Monitor senior horses for hair coat changes and muscle wasting over the epaxial region as early indicators of PPID, regardless of breed or sex
  • •Age-related degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons are inevitable; focus management on early detection and symptom control rather than prevention
  • •Veterinary practitioners are essential partners in generating reliable epidemiological data on laminitis—your case records and observations directly inform evidence-based guidelines and differential diagnosis tools
  • •Collaborative research efforts have identified previously unknown modifiable risk factors for laminitis that may be actionable in clinical practice
  • •Owner engagement through platforms like careaboutlaminitis.org.uk creates opportunities to gather real-world laminitis data that improves our understanding of disease frequency and presentation
  • •Diagnosis of insulin dysregulation should investigate both tissue insulin resistance and enteroinsular axis function rather than relying on single tests
  • •Account for breed, diet, fasting status, and seasonal variations when interpreting insulin dysregulation test results to avoid false negatives in at-risk horses
  • •Focus on identifying horses with insulin dysregulation early to enable preventive laminitis management, as established laminitis remains difficult to treat effectively
  • •AMPK agonist therapy with resveratrol, metformin, or aspirin should not be relied upon as effective treatments for insulin dysregulation in horses—consider alternative therapeutic approaches
  • •Horses receiving glucocorticoids require baseline metabolic testing to identify insulin dysregulation early, as 14 days of dexamethasone significantly impaired glucose regulation and caused clinical laminitis in some animals
  • •The combination of three different AMPK agonists failed where individual agents might have been expected to work; current evidence does not support their use for managing metabolic syndrome in horses
  • •Carbohydrate overload causes rapid pH changes in the cecum leading to laminitis; monitor feed quality and storage to prevent accidental overfeeding of grain or moldy feed
  • •Acute phase proteins may serve as objective biomarkers to detect early inflammatory changes in laminitis before clinical lameness becomes obvious—useful for early intervention
  • •Buffering agents show promise in reducing laminitis severity when carbohydrate overload occurs; consider availability of suitable buffers in emergency protocols
  • •Digital cooling may be an effective preventive intervention for hyperinsulinaemia-related laminitis, though timing of initiation before clinical signs appear limits current clinical applicability
  • •The dramatic protective effect (preventing any structural failure in cooled limbs) suggests ice therapy warrants further investigation as a therapeutic strategy in insulin-associated laminitis cases
  • •Results support the biological plausibility of cryotherapy for laminitis prevention, but clinical protocols for when and how to apply cooling in practice remain to be determined
  • •Gymnema sylvestre at 10 mg/kg may help reduce insulin spikes in insulin-dysregulated horses fed carbohydrate-rich meals, though effects are modest (~25% reduction)
  • •In vitro efficacy does not guarantee in vivo effectiveness (lactisole example), so clinical testing is essential before recommending new supplements
  • •This is early-stage research; practitioners should await further optimization of dose/delivery methods and direct receptor testing before implementing these compounds in practice
  • •Both traditional and selective NSAIDs cause temporary but significant disruption to the hindgut microbiota—minimize treatment duration when possible and monitor for GI signs during and after therapy
  • •NSAID dysbiosis resolves within 2 weeks of stopping treatment, but timing matters if the horse is already at risk for colic or colitis
  • •Consider probiotic or prebiotic support during NSAID courses, particularly in horses with prior GI disease, to help maintain microbial stability
  • •Gene therapy delivery to the equine foot is feasible using rAAV vectors via regional limb perfusion, opening new preventive treatment options for contralateral laminitis
  • •Formulation of the vector delivery medium (surfactant vs. saline) significantly impacts distribution and transduction efficiency in different foot regions, particularly the hoof wall
  • •This approach may eventually allow therapeutic protein delivery directly to target tissues in the distal extremity without systemic drug administration
  • •Microdialysis metabolite measurements are more sensitive than urea clearance for detecting subtle lamellar perfusion changes and may help evaluate vasoactive therapies in laminitis management
  • •Severe tourniquet-induced ischaemia causes distinctive metabolic shifts (lactate accumulation, glucose depletion) that mirror early laminitis pathophysiology
  • •This technique offers a non-invasive method to monitor lamellar metabolic status and assess effectiveness of perfusion-enhancing treatments during laminitis development
  • •Chromium and magnesium supplements alone do not improve insulin sensitivity or aid weight loss in obese laminitic horses—alternative management strategies are needed
  • •Hyperinsulinaemia is highly prevalent in this population; clinicians should not rely on these supplements as a primary intervention for insulin resistance
  • •Further research is required to establish effective nutraceutical or pharmacological approaches for managing insulin resistance in horses
  • •Prompt identification and treatment of hyperinsulinaemia in horses with endocrinopathies is critical, as even 48 hours of elevated insulin levels can trigger laminitis
  • •Digital pulse assessment and hoof wall temperature monitoring may serve as early warning signs of insulin-related laminitis development in at-risk horses
  • •Insulin resistance management through diet, exercise, and medical intervention should be prioritized in horses with metabolic conditions to prevent laminitis
  • •Intravenous lidocaine may have anti-inflammatory benefits in laminitis cases by suppressing excessive neutrophil activation and endothelial involvement in the laminae
  • •This research supports exploring lidocaine as adjunctive therapy for sepsis/endotoxemia-related laminitis cases alongside standard management
  • •Understanding the molecular mechanisms of laminitis inflammation could lead to targeted interventions earlier in the disease cascade
  • •Monitor pasture NSC levels seasonally and restrict grazing access during high-risk periods (typically spring flush and stressed growth conditions) for horses with laminitis history or metabolic dysfunction
  • •Obese, sedentary horses require closer nutritional management year-round, with particular attention to spring and high-stress growth periods when NSC concentrations spike
  • •Prevention through seasonal grazing management is significantly more cost-effective and humane than treating established laminitis cases
  • •Activin A should not be relied upon as a screening tool for laminitis risk in pony populations—continue using established insulin testing protocols
  • •Basal serum activin A testing does not add clinical value to existing metabolic assessments for laminitis prevention
  • •Focus on traditional oral sugar tolerance testing and fasting insulin levels as evidence-based methods for identifying at-risk ponies
  • •Don't assume all overweight horses are metabolically abnormal—check insulin and glucose levels; obesity and hyperinsulinemia are independent risk factors requiring separate management strategies
  • •Hyperinsulinemia appears to be the primary driver of metabolic dysfunction rather than weight alone; focus diagnostic and management efforts on insulin status regardless of body condition
  • •Laminitis cases showed unexpected metabolic patterns (lower glucose, higher IGF-1); consider individual biochemical profiling rather than relying solely on body weight or condition scoring
  • •The Tosoh AIA-360 is a reliable automated platform for measuring insulin in horses and can be confidently used to identify and monitor hyperinsulinemia, a treatable laminitis risk factor
  • •Do not use Immulite 2000/2000XPi analyzers for equine insulin measurement as they produce unreliable results; ELISA and Cobas e are acceptable alternatives if Tosoh is unavailable
  • •When monitoring insulin-sensitive horses or those at laminitis risk, consistent use of the same assay is important given inter-assay variation; document which method was used for longitudinal comparisons
  • •Use hoof wall thickness ratios as standardized radiographic measurements for assessing foot conformation and laminitis risk in miniature horses and ponies—they are reliable, repeatable, and clinically applicable
  • •Reference values provided (dorsal 0.24–0.25, lateral 0.18–0.19) can now be used as objective benchmarks for monitoring individual animals over time and comparing against population norms
  • •Avoid relying on other linear and angular radiographic measurements for clinical decision-making in miniatures, as they lack sufficient agreement despite adequate reliability, and prioritize hoof wall ratios instead
  • •Monitor older horses and predisposed breeds (particularly native ponies and Quarter Horse types) more closely for colic signs, as they carry substantially higher SLO risk
  • •Horses with a history of laminitis warrant aggressive weight management and metabolic syndrome prevention strategies, as they face ~11-fold increased SLO risk
  • •Minimize prolonged stabling and maintain optimal body weight through appropriate exercise and nutrition—these modifiable factors significantly reduce SLO risk in high-risk populations
  • •Current EMS diagnosis relies on limited tools (basal insulin, OST); new plasma biomarkers may offer more reliable detection in field settings
  • •Understanding EMS pathophysiology at the protein level may lead to better preventive strategies and earlier intervention before laminitis develops
  • •Consider that multiple factors (diet, age, stress, season, medications) affect insulin testing—new biomarkers could provide more consistent results
  • •Advanced clinical signs (hair coat changes, laminitis, supraorbital fat) should prompt ACTH testing; however, absence of these signs does not rule out early PPID—more sensitive diagnostic biomarkers are needed.
  • •Equids presenting with metabolic syndrome features alongside elevated ACTH require early intervention; the association suggests these phenotypes share underlying endocrine dysfunction.
  • •Clinical assessment should evaluate sign combinations rather than isolated findings, as aggregated clinical patterns better predict high ACTH concentrations than individual observations.
  • •Prevention and management of equine metabolic syndrome and adiposity in middle-aged and older horses should be prioritized to reduce strangulating lipoma risk and small intestinal obstruction
  • •Male horses and those showing clinical signs of EMS warrant closer monitoring and more aggressive weight management protocols
  • •Hoof growth ring abnormalities may serve as a clinical indicator of lipoma risk and warrant investigation of underlying metabolic status
  • •Horses with a history of laminitis show exaggerated insulin responses to pasture grazing and oral sugar challenges; monitor these horses more closely during high-NSC seasons and consider restricted grazing or NSC-limiting diets
  • •Regional adiposity (cresty neck score) correlates with insulin dysregulation in laminitis-prone horses; weight and condition management should be prioritized year-round to reduce metabolic risk
  • •Monthly or seasonal insulin testing via oral sugar test may help identify at-risk horses earlier and guide nutritional interventions before clinical laminitis recurs
  • •Monitor creatinine and L-lactate concentrations in diarrheal horses with SIRS as markers of disease severity and prognosis; levels above 159 μmol/L and 2.8 mmol/L respectively indicate significantly poorer survival outcomes
  • •Be aware that laminitis development secondary to acute diarrhea is a serious complication associated with 3.7-fold increased mortality risk; maintain heightened vigilance during summer months when incidence peaks
  • •Geographic region should not influence prognostic expectations for diarrheal horses, but European practitioners may encounter laminitis complications less frequently than colleagues in North America, Australia, and Latin America
  • •Acute equine diarrhoea workups remain inconsistent globally; consider advocating for standardized diagnostic protocols at your referral center, particularly C. difficile and N. risticii testing, as positive results carry prognostic significance
  • •Monitor N. risticii-positive diarrhoeic horses closely for laminitis development as a complication; this secondary laminitis risk warrants preventive farriery management and close observation during recovery
  • •C. difficile-positive cases have significantly worse survival outcomes; early identification of this pathogen should inform intensive care protocols and owner discussions about prognosis
  • •Hyperinsulinemia alone is sufficient to trigger laminitis in previously healthy horses, making insulin management critical for laminitis prevention in EMS cases
  • •Digital lamellae appear to be uniquely vulnerable to hyperinsulinemia-induced inflammation, suggesting tissue-specific pathophysiology that may guide future treatment strategies
  • •The selective inflammatory response in lamellae but not muscle tissue points to localized mechanisms in laminitis development, potentially opening new avenues for targeted therapeutic intervention
  • •Monitor plasma LBP levels in horses receiving high-grain diets as an early warning marker for hindgut acidosis before clinical laminitis becomes apparent
  • •High-concentrate feeding regimens warrant closer clinical surveillance and dietary management to prevent secondary laminitis development
  • •Plasma LBP testing may enable earlier intervention in at-risk horses compared to relying on SAA or clinical lameness signs alone
  • •Oral sugar testing with 60-minute insulin measurement can help identify ponies at risk of laminitis before clinical signs develop, enabling preventive management strategies
  • •Simple physical characteristics and owner observations may help veterinarians prioritize which ponies warrant formal insulin dysregulation testing, reducing unnecessary testing
  • •Understanding metabolic marker associations with insulin response can guide nutritional and management interventions for at-risk individuals
  • •Over 60% of Shetland and Welsh ponies in this Australian cohort had insulin dysregulation; cresty neck and high body condition score are practical visual indicators of metabolic risk in ponies
  • •Insulin dysregulation and insulin resistance are significant independent risk factors for laminitis in ponies—metabolic testing should inform preventive lameness management strategies
  • •Older ponies and those perceived by owners as overweight warrant metabolic screening; consider PPID testing as PPID status strongly associates with laminitis risk
  • •Connemara ponies show high prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunction; breed-specific screening and management protocols should be considered routine practice
  • •Oral sugar testing detected hyperinsulinaemia more effectively than basal insulin measurement alone—clinicians should use both methods for comprehensive assessment in at-risk ponies
  • •Nearly half of these ponies have laminitis history; aggressive weight management and metabolic monitoring are essential preventive strategies for this breed
  • •Choose your insulin dysregulation screening test based on clinical context: basal insulin is most specific but will miss cases; OST provides good balance; ITT identifies more positive cases but has lower specificity
  • •Basal insulin and oral sugar test results are associated with laminitis risk, but insulin tolerance test results alone should not be used to predict laminitis without additional clinical assessment
  • •All three tests are well-tolerated field options, but combining tests rather than relying on a single test may provide more complete insulin dysregulation assessment
  • •EMS is highly prevalent in Nigeria affecting 43% of sampled horses; farriers and veterinarians should screen horses for laminitis signs (divergent rings, widened white lines) and conduct insulin testing to identify at-risk individuals
  • •Obesity is the primary modifiable risk factor, but not all EMS cases are obese—ensure regular exercise beyond walking only, with frequency at least monthly rather than every 5 months, as infrequent exercise significantly increases EMS risk
  • •West African Barb breed and stallions require heightened vigilance for metabolic issues; examine for abnormal neck crest as a clinical indicator and avoid constant tethering management that limits movement
  • •Intensive management systems combining stall confinement and high-calorie diets may predispose horses to lamellar pathology and early laminitis development; consider management modifications to improve turnout and dietary control
  • •Semi-feral grazing and natural movement patterns appear protective for lamellar tissue health, suggesting that increased exercise and natural foraging may benefit hoof health in domesticated horses
  • •Regular histological screening of hoof lamellar tissue may help identify early endocrinopathic laminitis before clinical signs appear in intensively managed horses
  • •Request basal and 60-minute post-glucose insulin testing (corn syrup challenge) for nonlaminitic ponies to stratify laminitis risk; high fasting insulin (>45.2 µIU/ml) or stimulated insulin (≥153 µIU/ml) warrants aggressive dietary/management intervention.
  • •Monitor hoof growth patterns as a clinical predictor—divergent growth is associated with increased laminitis risk independent of metabolic markers.
  • •ACTH testing alone is not useful for laminitis risk prediction in nonlaminitic ponies; focus on insulin parameters instead.
  • •Resting plasma amino acid concentrations, particularly citrulline, GABA, and methionine, differ significantly between obese horses and those with insulin dysregulation and laminitis, potentially offering a new diagnostic tool for laminitis risk assessment
  • •These findings suggest amino acid metabolism is altered in hyperinsulinemic states and laminitis, which may warrant investigation of targeted dietary supplementation strategies for at-risk horses
  • •Current evidence is preliminary; larger prospective studies are needed before plasma amino acid profiling can be reliably used in clinical practice for laminitis prediction or prevention
  • •Microbiota composition differs significantly between healthy and colitic horses, but these differences have limited predictive value for laminitis development or survival during hospitalization
  • •While certain bacterial taxa (particularly Enterobacteriaceae) are associated with adverse outcomes in colitis, microbiota analysis alone appears insufficient as a prognostic indicator for individual cases
  • •Therapeutic strategies targeting microbiota restoration in colitic horses may focus on restoring beneficial taxa (Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae) rather than preventing laminitis or improving survival
  • •Laminitis is highly prevalent in donkeys (affecting nearly 1 in 2); chronic laminitis is more common than acute, requiring long-term management strategies
  • •Younger donkeys appear at greater risk for first laminitis episodes; practitioners should maintain heightened vigilance in this age group and investigate underlying causes
  • •Nutritional management (extra feed provision) and regular dental care may be protective factors; ensure these aspects of care are optimised for at-risk donkeys
  • •Regional cooling of the distal forelimb can provide analgesia in horses, but only when skin temperature drops below 7°C, requiring water temperatures below 2°C
  • •This technique may offer a non-pharmacological pain management option for conditions like laminitis, but requires careful temperature monitoring to achieve therapeutic effect
  • •Further clinical validation is needed before routine implementation, but the approach warrants investigation as part of a multimodal pain management strategy
  • •Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are modifiable risk factors; increasing exercise and pasture time can reduce EMS risk and laminitis incidence in susceptible ponies
  • •Screen female native ponies and cobs aged 3-14 years with a history of laminitis for EMS, as they carry substantially elevated risk
  • •Monitor hoof growth rings and supraorbital fat scores as clinical indicators of EMS; these are more frequent in affected animals and warrant further investigation
  • •Dietary management to avoid sudden increases in fermentable carbohydrates (oligofructose, fructans) is critical for laminitis prevention, as these trigger harmful microbial shifts in the hindgut
  • •Understanding the gut microbiota-laminitis link supports preventive strategies focused on hindgut health rather than treating clinical signs after lamination occurs
  • •Horses with dysbiosis or metabolic imbalance may be at higher risk for laminitis; consider gradual diet changes and monitoring of hindgut health indicators
  • •Digital hypothermia effectively suppresses the inflammatory cascade in hyperinsulinemic laminitis by down-regulating key pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, supporting its use as a first-aid intervention in acute severe cases
  • •The mechanism appears to involve reduced STAT3 signaling rather than altered STAT1, suggesting hypothermia may work through selective pathway inhibition rather than broad immunosuppression
  • •This evidence supports implementing continuous digital cooling protocols early in cases of acute laminitis associated with metabolic syndrome, as it may prevent or delay lamellar failure through inflammatory control
  • •Pasture-related hoof problems in dairy cattle involve systemic inflammatory changes that may not show obvious clinical signs on hoof inspection—subclinical laminitis deserves greater attention
  • •Plasma biomarkers of inflammation and vascular dysfunction may help identify laminitis cases that lack visible surface lesions
  • •Early recognition and management of pasture-associated laminitis is critical for dairy cow welfare and productivity
  • •Acute ruminal acidosis from concentrate overload is a severe condition in cattle requiring rapid intervention; nearly half of affected animals need aggressive fluid and electrolyte therapy to prevent metabolic collapse and laminitis
  • •Laminitis is a predictable consequence of severe ruminal acidosis in cattle and should be monitored clinically using hoof pressure testing and locomotion scoring during acute acidosis episodes
  • •Early recognition of systemic signs (fever, respiratory compensation, elevated cortisol) alongside ruminal pH changes can guide treatment decisions and outcomes in affected herds
  • •Digital cooling (therapeutic hypothermia) reduces metabolic activity in the laminae without starving tissues of glucose, suggesting it may selectively inhibit harmful inflammatory processes during laminitis
  • •The mechanism of therapeutic cooling involves reducing tissue perfusion and energy metabolism rather than causing cellular energy failure, which has implications for the duration and intensity of cooling protocols
  • •Results suggest natural endocrinopathic laminitis may differ from experimental models, warranting caution when extrapolating mechanistic findings from EHC studies to clinical laminitis cases
  • •Regular body condition scoring (BCS ≥8 indicates elevated risk) should be implemented as a practical monitoring tool to identify horses at risk of insulin dysregulation and subsequent laminitis
  • •Owner education on obesity recognition and management is critical, as 60% of this Finnhorse population was overweight or obese, suggesting widespread underrecognition of the problem
  • •Consider oral sugar testing for overweight/obese horses to identify insulin dysregulation before clinical laminitis develops, allowing for preventive management interventions
  • •Endocrine testing for PPID (ACTH and TRH stimulation) can proceed reliably in aged horses with low to moderate pain without invalidating results due to pain-induced false positives
  • •Pain management should not be delayed while awaiting endocrine test results; diagnostic testing can be performed concurrently with pain treatment in these cases
  • •Clinicians can confidently diagnose or rule out PPID using standard protocols even when horses are experiencing mild to moderate pain from colic, laminitis, or orthopedic conditions
  • •Low circulating adiponectin levels measured via IT assay are associated with both previous laminitis and future laminitis risk in ponies, potentially offering a useful biomarker for risk stratification
  • •If considering adiponectin testing for laminitis risk assessment, use immunoturbidimetric assays only—ELISA methods are not reliable for equine measurement
  • •Ponies with adiponectin <5 μg/mL are at significantly elevated risk of developing laminitis within the next year, warranting enhanced management and preventive strategies
  • •This study identifies specific modifiable management and environmental factors that increase laminitis risk—understanding these can inform preventive strategies for your client base
  • •The prospective cohort design provides stronger evidence than case-control data, making these findings more actionable for evidence-based management decisions
  • •Focus on time-varying factors means seasonal, nutritional, and workload changes should be monitored as dynamic laminitis risk drivers rather than static risk profiles
  • •Radiographically screen all PPID-diagnosed horses for laminitis regardless of owner-reported lameness history, as subclinical radiographic changes are present in 76% of cases
  • •Insulin concentration severity correlates with laminitis severity; severely hyperinsulinaemic horses (>50 µU/ml) warrant more aggressive metabolic management and closer laminitis monitoring
  • •Client education is critical—owners frequently miss chronic laminitis signs, so veterinarians should proactively discuss radiographic findings and explain the hyperinsulinaemia-laminitis link
  • •Monitor body condition score carefully in companion donkeys, as obesity significantly elevates basal insulin and may impair insulin sensitivity, increasing laminitis and metabolic disease risk
  • •Donkeys' naturally higher digestive efficiency and lower energy expenditure compared to horses makes them prone to rapid weight gain—adjust feeding and activity accordingly
  • •Elevated basal insulin in overweight donkeys is a measurable metabolic warning sign; consider glucose-insulin testing for donkeys with moderate to high BCS as part of preventive health screening
  • •Laminitis is significantly more common than veterinary records alone suggest—nearly half of cases are managed by owners without veterinary diagnosis, so practitioners should assume higher disease prevalence in their local populations
  • •Since Connemara and New Forest breeds show highest incidence and laminitis occurs year-round, owners of these breeds need consistent preventive management strategies rather than seasonal focus
  • •The consistency between owner-reported clinical signs and veterinary descriptions validates owner observations as reliable indicators—encourage owners to report difficulty turning and gait changes as early warning signs
  • •Insulin dysregulation should be routinely investigated in all equids diagnosed with PPID, as it was present in over three-quarters of cases tested
  • •Maintaining adequate body condition and consistent pergolide administration are fundamental management strategies for improving survival in PPID cases
  • •PPID clinical signs vary geographically; clinicians in lower-latitude regions should specifically monitor for anhidrosis and increased drinking/urination alongside traditional PPID presentations
  • •The oral glucose test with insulin measurement effectively identifies high-risk ponies: insulin >195 μIU/mL post-dextrose indicates 86% laminitis risk on high-NSC diets
  • •Restrict nonstructural carbohydrate intake (below 12 g/kg BW/d) in ponies showing hyperinsulinemic responses, especially those with elevated ACTH or clinical PPID signs
  • •Combine OGT results with basal ACTH assessment and clinical evaluation—ponies with both PPID clinical signs and hyperinsulinemia warrant aggressive dietary management to prevent laminitis
  • •Obesity in horses is associated with altered gut bacterial communities; managing feed intake and energy density may help restore healthy microbiome balance and reduce metabolic dysfunction.
  • •Monitoring blood markers (leptin, glucose, triglycerides) alongside weight management can help identify metabolic changes linked to obesity and associated conditions like laminitis.
  • •Future therapies targeting specific bacterial populations may offer novel approaches to preventing obesity-related complications, though clinical applications require further development.
  • •Plasma metabolite profiles (trans-4-hydroxyproline and methionine sulfoxide) may serve as biomarkers for identifying horses with insulin dysregulation before laminitis develops
  • •Understanding metabolic pathway involvement in insulin dysregulation could inform dietary and management interventions to prevent hoof complications
  • •Early detection of metabolic dysfunction through targeted metabolomics may enable preventive strategies in at-risk horses
  • •Use TRH stimulation testing to diagnose PPID, but rely on post-TRH ACTH concentration values rather than calculating the pre-/post ratio as it adds no diagnostic benefit
  • •Be aware that diagnostic performance of PPID testing varies seasonally, so interpret results in context of the month of testing
  • •Confirm PPID diagnosis with traditional post-TRH ACTH thresholds rather than ratio-based cutoffs for more reliable clinical decision-making
  • •STAT3 inhibitors represent a potential therapeutic target for modulating the inflammatory cascade in laminitis, particularly in septic cases
  • •Both dietary (carbohydrate overload) and toxin-mediated (black walnut) laminitis triggers activate the same STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting a common inflammatory mechanism that could be therapeutically targeted
  • •Understanding STAT3's role in laminitis pathophysiology may lead to more effective anti-inflammatory treatments beyond traditional NSAIDs
  • •Oral prednisolone treatment does not increase laminitis risk in horses—this common concern among practitioners is not supported by this evidence
  • •Metabolic syndrome and age are more important risk factors to monitor than glucocorticoid use when assessing laminitis risk
  • •Practitioners can use prednisolone when clinically indicated without fear of precipitating laminitis as a direct consequence of the drug
  • •Owner observations of laminitis are reliable enough to include in epidemiological research; when owners suspect laminitis, they are likely correct, making owner reports valuable for disease surveillance.
  • •Almost half of veterinary laminitis cases go unrecognised by owners, suggesting many horses receive delayed treatment—targeted owner education about early laminitis signs (especially divergent growth rings and hoof heat) could improve early detection and outcomes.
  • •Farriers and veterinarians should communicate more clearly with owners about laminitis risk factors and clinical signs, as owners tend to attribute laminitis to other conditions like foot abscesses or undefined lameness, delaying appropriate management.
  • •Use bilateral forelimb lameness combined with increased digital pulse as a highly reliable diagnostic indicator for laminitis in clinical practice
  • •Assess for difficulty turning, weight-shifting behavior, and short stilted gait as key discriminatory signs to differentiate laminitis from other causes of lameness
  • •Include sole conformation assessment as part of laminitis diagnosis; flat or convex soles significantly support laminitis diagnosis
  • •Implement prophylactic digital cryotherapy in colitis cases as a cost-effective, evidence-based strategy to reduce clinical laminitis incidence by approximately 70%
  • •Use systemic inflammatory markers (respiratory rate, blood lactate) to identify high-risk colitis patients who would most benefit from ICE protocols
  • •Recognize that laminitis development in colitis cases dramatically worsens prognosis; early intervention with cryotherapy is justified as a preventive measure
  • •Lamellar bioenergetic failure is a measurable and detectable metabolic process during laminitis development, supporting the hypothesis that energy metabolism dysfunction contributes to disease pathogenesis
  • •Specific metabolites (malate, pyruvate, aconitate, glycolate) could potentially serve as early biomarkers for laminitis development, though further clinical validation is needed before practical application
  • •Local metabolic changes in lamellar tissue precede or occur independently of systemic plasma metabolic changes, suggesting therapeutic interventions targeting lamellar metabolism may warrant investigation
  • •Triamcinolone can be used for orthopaedic conditions without significantly increasing laminitis risk based on current evidence
  • •The feared association between triamcinolone and laminitis is not supported by this large retrospective analysis, though individual risk factors in the 20 affected horses warrant investigation
  • •Evidence-based treatment guidelines for triamcinolone use in equine practice can be developed with greater confidence in its safety profile
  • •Fructosamine testing may be a useful diagnostic marker for identifying horses with PPID at risk of laminitis, offering a non-invasive way to assess glucose control over 2-3 weeks
  • •Monitoring fructosamine in PPID cases could help stratify laminitis risk and guide treatment decisions
  • •Consider fructosamine alongside other metabolic screening in older horses with suspected PPID to detect subclinical hyperglycaemia before laminitis develops
  • •Overnight dexamethasone suppression tests cannot be relied upon as a consistent screening tool to identify individual laminitis-prone ponies, as results vary significantly by season and year
  • •A single abnormal insulin or cortisol response to dexamethasone should not be used alone to assess laminitis risk—interpret results within the context of the individual animal's history, current season, and repeat testing
  • •Diet (hay vs pasture) does not explain seasonal variation in dexamethasone response, suggesting endocrine changes are driven by other seasonal factors
  • •Do not rely solely on glucose curve results from a single CGIT to diagnose insulin resistance, as these results are unreliable and variable
  • •Insulin curve parameters are more trustworthy for repeated assessments and longitudinal monitoring of IR status
  • •Be aware that breed and recent stress (e.g., transport) can significantly influence glucose responses during testing, potentially leading to misinterpretation of results
  • •Counsel owners that approximately 2 in 3 horses will return to work by 6 months and 3 in 4 by one year, but only about half will match preoperative performance levels early on
  • •Horses with previous colic surgery, orthopaedic conditions requiring stall rest, or those developing post-operative complications (hernia, diarrhoea, laminitis) have significantly reduced return-to-use prospects and require modified expectations
  • •Implement targeted rehabilitation protocols and early intervention for post-operative complications (especially incisional hernioplasty) to optimize functional recovery outcomes
  • •Laminitis frequency in Great Britain is lower than previously reported in the literature, suggesting earlier publications may have overestimated disease prevalence in the general horse population
  • •Bilateral forelimb involvement predominates in laminitis cases, so assessment protocols should prioritize detailed evaluation of both front feet
  • •Digital pulse assessment combined with gait observation (difficulty turning, stilted walk) provides practical clinical indicators for laminitis detection in practice
  • •Monitor body condition score closely in horses and ponies as a key laminitis prevention strategy, particularly in mares where obesity increases inflammatory markers
  • •Consider hyperinsulinemia and inflammatory cytokine status when assessing laminitis risk in obese animals
  • •Weight management and condition control should be prioritized as part of laminitis prevention protocols
  • •Dietary carbohydrate restriction reduces insulin receptor expression in digital laminae, providing mechanistic support for low-NSC feeding protocols in laminitis prevention and management
  • •Laminar epithelial cells appear to respond to insulin primarily through IGF-1R rather than classical insulin receptors, suggesting therapeutic targeting of IGF-1R signaling pathways may benefit hyperinsulinaemic laminitis
  • •Obese ponies on high-carbohydrate diets develop excessive laminar endothelial insulin receptor expression, supporting aggressive dietary management as a first-line laminitis prevention strategy in at-risk animals
  • •Early recognition of equine neorickettsiosis severity through bloodwork (hemoglobin, electrolytes, azotemia) helps identify high-risk non-survivors; treat promptly with oxytetracycline
  • •Expect laminitis in roughly one-third of cases, often affecting all four feet simultaneously—implement preventive farriery and intensive laminitis management protocols immediately upon diagnosis
  • •Monitor electrolyte balance and hydration status closely during hospitalization, as electrolyte loss and hemoconcentration are markers of severe colitis and poor prognosis
  • •Insulin-induced and carbohydrate-overload laminitis produce similar structural damage to lamellar tissues within 48 hours, suggesting common downstream pathological mechanisms despite different triggers—management approaches targeting lamellar support may be broadly applicable.
  • •The lesser inflammatory response in hyperinsulinaemia compared to oligofructose overload at 48 hours indicates different disease kinetics; early intervention strategies may need to be tailored to the trigger mechanism.
  • •Histopathological changes at 48 hours include lengthening and narrowing of lamellae—these morphometric changes could serve as objective indicators of early laminitis severity in clinical or research settings.
  • •Plasma fructosamine may be a useful clinical marker to identify abnormal glucose homeostasis in laminitic horses, potentially helping identify insulin resistance as an underlying cause
  • •Measuring fructosamine alongside insulin and glucose could improve detection of metabolic dysfunction in laminitis cases and support targeted management strategies
  • •While fructosamine shows promise as a diagnostic marker, it did not predict outcome in this study, so clinical assessment must remain multifactorial
  • •Basement membrane changes occur very early in laminitis development (within 12 hours), potentially before clinical signs are apparent—early detection methods could enable earlier intervention
  • •The mechanism of basement membrane failure appears to involve protein destabilization rather than enzymatic cleavage, which may inform treatment approaches targeting stabilization rather than protease inhibition
  • •Current diagnostic methods may miss early laminitis pathology; more sensitive detection of basement membrane changes could improve prognosis by enabling intervention before irreversible lamellar damage occurs
  • •The CHO model more closely resembles clinical sepsis-related laminitis than other experimental models, making findings more relevant to naturally occurring cases on farms
  • •Significant laminar inflammation occurs at or very near the onset of visible lameness in carbohydrate overload scenarios, suggesting early intervention may be critical before substantial inflammatory cascade is established
  • •Multiple inflammatory pathways are activated simultaneously in the CHO model (endothelial, leucocyte, and cytokine responses), indicating treatment strategies targeting single inflammatory mediators may be insufficient
  • •Neutrophil elastase emerges as a potential therapeutic target for laminitis treatment, suggesting that anti-neutrophil or anti-elastase interventions may help prevent hoof basal membrane degradation
  • •The systemic nature of the inflammatory cascade in laminitis development occurs early (within 6-8 hours), supporting the need for rapid intervention when laminitis is suspected
  • •Monitoring systemic markers of neutrophil activation could help identify horses progressing toward clinical laminitis during the developmental phase when intervention may be most effective
  • •CXCL1 appears to be an early trigger for neutrophil accumulation in laminitis pathogenesis; understanding this mechanism may lead to new therapeutic targets using chemokine receptor antagonists as adjunct treatments
  • •Laminar keratinocytes are identified as a key source of CXCL1, making epithelial cell protection during acute laminitis crises a potential therapeutic focus
  • •The rapid upregulation of CXCL1 within 1.5 hours of triggering (before lameness onset) suggests this chemokine could be a biomarker for early detection and intervention in laminitis cases
  • •Thromboxane and isoprostane-mediated vascular constriction in laminar tissue may be a treatable component of laminitis; future therapies targeting these pathways warrant investigation
  • •The heightened responsiveness of laminar veins to isoprostanes in laminitic horses suggests selective vascular dysfunction that differs from systemic responses, indicating need for targeted rather than systemic interventions
  • •Understanding the inflammatory cascade involving these eicosanoids may help identify earlier therapeutic windows during the prodromal stage of laminitis when intervention could be most effective
  • •High-dose oligofructose administration (5–7.5 g/kg) is a reliable method to experimentally induce laminitis in horses, useful for understanding pathophysiology
  • •Laminitis can be triggered via altered glucose dynamics independent of measurable changes in insulin secretion, suggesting glucose metabolism itself may be a trigger mechanism
  • •Practitioners should be cautious with high-dose oligofructose supplementation in horses prone to metabolic disease, as severe glycaemic disturbance can precipitate acute laminitis
  • •Horses with concurrent endotoxaemia and carbohydrate overload face dramatically elevated laminitis risk (5/8 affected); monitor closely during illness if pasture access or grain availability is unrestricted.
  • •Insulin sensitivity decreases after carbohydrate overload regardless of endotoxin exposure, supporting strict carbohydrate restriction in laminitis-prone horses and during systemic illness.
  • •Systemic inflammation from either endotoxin or carbohydrate overload alone increases laminitis susceptibility; the combination is synergistic and particularly dangerous.
  • •Limb cellulitis in horses has a good prognosis with appropriate treatment (89% discharge rate), but clinicians should monitor the contralateral limb closely as laminitis is a major complication
  • •Many cellulitis cases present without an obvious traumatic cause; maintain a broad diagnostic approach and treat empirically with broad-spectrum antimicrobials pending culture results
  • •Hindlimbs are more commonly affected—consider this predisposition when evaluating horses with acute limb swelling and maintain higher clinical suspicion in this population
  • •Andalusian horses require special consideration for inguinal hernia risk and post-operative laminitis monitoring following abdominal surgery
  • •Young horses (<1 year) have significantly better survival outcomes after colic surgery than adult horses, influencing prognosis discussions
  • •Plan for increased colic surgical caseload during summer months, particularly in Andalusian populations
  • •Laminitis risk in susceptible ponies is seasonal and linked to summer pasture; metabolic screening during winter may not identify at-risk individuals
  • •Monitor blood pressure and insulin status during summer months in laminitis-prone ponies as markers of metabolic syndrome and laminitis risk
  • •Pasture management and dietary restriction during summer grazing periods may be critical preventive strategies for laminitis-prone ponies
  • •Test at-risk ponies for plasma insulin, triglycerides, and glucose to identify those with metabolic predisposition to laminitis before clinical disease develops
  • •Ponies identified as PLMS-positive require stricter pasture management and controlled grazing, especially during high-starch growth periods, to prevent laminitis episodes
  • •Metabolic profiling enables targeted preventive interventions for predisposed individuals, reducing overall disease incidence and improving outcomes compared to blanket management approaches
  • •If you need to measure pasture fructan content to manage laminitis-susceptible horses, use HPLC rather than cheaper colorimetric methods—the cost difference is justified by accuracy.
  • •Understand that your pasture's fructan content varies significantly by season (April-November sampling) and grass species, so single measurements may not represent current risk.
  • •Be aware that simple field-based or budget testing methods for fructans are likely to underestimate the actual content, potentially leaving susceptible horses at greater risk than you realize.
  • •Anti-inflammatory medications may be beneficial for horses at risk of laminitis, particularly during the prodromal stage when cytokine expression is elevated
  • •Understanding the inflammatory cascade in laminitis development could improve preventative strategies for at-risk horses
  • •Further research linking systemic disease processes to digital inflammation may inform clinical management of laminitis cases
  • •ECD horses with hirsutism and abnormal glucose metabolism are at higher risk of laminitis; blood glucose and insulin testing may help identify high-risk individuals for preventive management
  • •Oxidative stress markers are present even in subclinical ECD, suggesting early intervention and antioxidant strategies may be warranted before clinical signs develop
  • •Current vascular function tests cannot reliably predict which ECD horses will develop laminitis, so clinical monitoring and metabolic management remain essential rather than relying on single biomarkers
  • •Management practices that elevate plasma homocysteine should be avoided in laminitis-susceptible ponies, as homocysteine can impair the digital vascular endothelium at physiologically relevant concentrations
  • •While this study did not establish plasma homocysteine as a laminitis risk factor, the in vitro evidence supports monitoring dietary and management factors known to increase homocysteine levels
  • •Consider homocysteine metabolism when evaluating nutritional protocols for laminitis-prone horses, particularly regarding B-vitamin status (B6, B12, folate)
  • •Implementation of a standardised treatment protocol for acute laminitis significantly improves clinical outcomes—adopt evidence-based protocols in your practice
  • •Distal displacement of P3 on radiographs is a more important prognostic indicator than rotation alone; use this to inform owner discussions about prognosis
  • •Treatment protocols appear most effective in acute cases; management of chronic laminitis may require different approaches beyond standardised protocols
  • •Trilostane is a safe, effective medical option for managing equine Cushing's syndrome without reported adverse effects, offering improvement in common clinical signs including laminitis
  • •Expect clinical improvements within the treatment period with meaningful reduction in cortisol dysregulation confirmed by endocrine testing
  • •Consider trilostane as a first-line therapy for Cushing's cases, though direct comparison with pergolide (the standard at the time) requires further research
  • •Monitor hoof temperature as a non-invasive indicator of digital blood flow changes; elevated hoof temperatures 16-40 hours after grain overload may signal laminitis risk
  • •Strict dietary management to prevent carbohydrate overload is critical, as the metabolic crisis combined with vasodilation creates conditions for lamellar damage
  • •If carbohydrate overload occurs, supporting digital vasoconstriction (through cooling protocols or other means) during the critical 12-40 hour window may help prevent laminitis development
  • •High-starch diets cause measurable changes in digital hemodynamics in laminitis, but these changes appear to result from altered vascular tone rather than permeability issues or chemical sensitivity
  • •Standard vasoactive drugs may not effectively reverse the vascular changes seen in laminitis, suggesting alternative therapeutic approaches may be needed
  • •Understanding that increased blood flow in laminitic digits is a primary vascular event helps direct focus toward managing underlying causes rather than secondary inflammatory responses
  • •Ponies require heightened vigilance for laminitis risk, particularly in the 7-9 year age group; other equids show peak incidence at 4-6 years
  • •Intact males may be at higher risk than castrated males; consider hormonal factors when evaluating laminitis cases
  • •Increased laminitis presentation in May suggests seasonal or management factors (spring nutrition, pasture changes) warrant investigation and preventive protocols
  • •Cannabinoid-based therapeutics may offer a new approach to managing inflammation and pain in laminitic horses by targeting multiple cell types in hoof laminae
  • •Understanding ECS distribution in hoof tissues could lead to more targeted anti-inflammatory treatments that address underlying cellular mechanisms in laminitis
  • •This research opens the door to investigating cannabinoid compounds as adjunctive pain management for acute and chronic laminitis cases
  • •This research establishes laboratory methods for studying the vascular and inflammatory pathology of laminitis, providing tools for understanding disease mechanisms
  • •Paraffin oil perfusion technique may improve tissue quality in post-mortem equine foot examinations for research purposes
  • •Better understanding of COX-2 and vWF involvement in laminitis could inform future anti-inflammatory treatment strategies
  • •Ethylene glycol toxicosis in horses presents primarily as apathy but can progress to laminitis and colic; maintain high suspicion if multiple horses show neurological signs after water access
  • •Ethanol is an effective antidote for equine ethylene glycol poisoning and can be administered both via nasogastric tube and IV routes; early treatment initiation is critical
  • •Biochemical monitoring at multiple timepoints helps identify which horses require intensive hospitalization, allowing for resource allocation in mass poisoning events
  • •N. risticii should be considered as a differential diagnosis in mares presenting with abortion, particularly in fetuses showing colitis; seasonal monitoring (May-December) may help identify at-risk pregnancies
  • •Fecal PCR testing can detect N. risticii in clinically affected horses during spring-summer months, enabling earlier diagnosis and potential management of pregnant mares exposed to infected animals
  • •Genomic characterization shows this pathogen has strain variation; understanding these differences may eventually help predict virulence and abortion risk in future cases
  • •Extracorporeal hemoperfusion may be a viable adjunctive option for severe SIRS/sepsis in horses when conventional anti-inflammatory therapies are contraindicated due to concurrent organ dysfunction.
  • •C. difficile colitis can present as a peracute condition with life-threatening systemic inflammatory sequelae requiring intensive multimodal treatment approaches.
  • •Even when acute systemic signs stabilize, secondary complications such as laminitis remain a significant mortality risk in horses with severe infectious colitis.
  • •Multicentric lymphoma should be included in differential diagnoses for geriatric donkeys with chronic lameness, laminitis, and systemic signs of disease, even though it is rare in this species
  • •Post-mortem examination with histopathology and immunohistochemistry is necessary to definitively diagnose lymphoma and characterize T-cell versus B-cell phenotype
  • •Further research is needed to understand why donkeys appear naturally resistant to lymphoma development compared to horses, which may have implications for preventive strategies
  • •Use these breed-specific radiological reference values when assessing feet of Straight Egyptian Arabian horses for laminitis, as they differ from general Arabian horse standards.
  • •Account for significant anatomical differences between fore and hind feet when interpreting radiographs, particularly hoof angle and wall thickness measurements.
  • •Implement routine radiological screening in Arabian horses showing metabolic syndrome signs, as breed carries identified risk locus for laminitis development.
  • •Suspect tracheal, esophageal, and guttural pouch injury in any mare presenting with neck swelling, emphysema on radiographs, and history of blunt neck trauma; endoscopy is essential for diagnosis.
  • •Temporary tracheostomy is a vital intervention to prevent exacerbation of emphysema during healing of tracheal lacerations.
  • •Esophagostomy should be considered early to prevent ingesta leakage into neck tissues and deep cervical infection when esophageal laceration is confirmed.
  • •Wooden shoes can be a viable salvage option for severe laminitis and foot disease cases that might otherwise be euthanized—partner closely with your farrier on proper application
  • •Weight redistribution via wooden shoes improves pain management post-surgery by offloading pressure from compromised solar surfaces
  • •Combine surgical correction with appropriate farriery support (wooden shoes) to optimize biomechanics and recovery in complex foot cases
  • •During summer months (July-September) in endemic areas, include PHF in your differential diagnosis for foals presenting with fever, depression, anorexia, diarrhea, and ileus—not just adult horses
  • •Submit both blood and feces for PCR testing of Neorickettsia spp. to confirm diagnosis, as clinical signs alone are non-specific
  • •PHF in foals is responsive to treatment with appropriate hospitalization and intensive care, so early diagnosis and supportive therapy are warranted
  • •MSI-1436 shows promise as a novel therapeutic approach for managing equine metabolic syndrome by addressing multiple pathogenic mechanisms simultaneously
  • •Single-dose IV administration improved both metabolic markers and systemic inflammation in affected horses, suggesting potential clinical utility
  • •This research provides mechanistic rationale for targeting PTP1B inhibition in EMS management, though further clinical trials are needed before routine practice implementation
  • •Canagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) may be considered for horses with documented hyperinsulinemia and laminitis that fail to respond to diet control, metformin, levothyroxine, and pergolide
  • •This medication requires monitoring of renal function (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen) before use and regular urinalysis every 2 weeks to detect glucosuria and screen for complications
  • •Canagliflozin should be reserved for refractory cases and must be combined with core therapies: strict dietary control of sugars/starch, exercise when possible, and appropriate PPID treatment if indicated
  • •Over half of PPID cases in this UK practice went untreated despite positive diagnostic results; ensure your practice has clear protocols for treatment initiation based on diagnostic thresholds and clinical signs
  • •Post-diagnosis monitoring is critically deficient: establish systematic follow-up basal ACTH testing at 1-3 months after starting pergolide to assess therapeutic response and adjust dosing accordingly
  • •Document all PPID management decisions and monitoring results; this audit shows most cases lacked adequate records, which impairs clinical decision-making and continuity of care
  • •Neutrophil-mediated inflammation contributes to metabolic laminitis, suggesting anti-inflammatory strategies targeting neutrophil activity may be therapeutically relevant
  • •Early lamellar changes in hyperinsulinemic horses involve inflammatory cascades detectable at histological level before clinical lameness becomes obvious
  • •Understanding the neutrophil activation pathway in endocrinopathic laminitis may lead to novel diagnostic or preventive interventions beyond traditional metabolic management
  • •Neorickettsiosis presents significantly higher risk for laminitis complications in acute colitis compared to viral causes—maintain vigilant lameness monitoring and consider preventive farriery protocols in suspected neorickettsiosis cases
  • •Clinical parameters at admission (heart rate, total solids, band neutrophils, bicarbonate) can help stratify laminitis risk; elevated lactate and packed cell volume are poor prognostic indicators for survival
  • •Laminitis development during acute colitis treatment dramatically worsens survival outcomes (HR 7.07)—aggressive early intervention to prevent laminitis may improve overall case outcomes
  • •For cattle laminitis diagnosis on beef farms where pain assessment is difficult, filmed locomotion scoring is the most reliable non-invasive method—use it as your primary screening tool
  • •Infrared thermography is sensitive but generates many false positives; use it as a supplementary tool only, not for definitive diagnosis
  • •Force plate analysis requires specialized equipment but may be useful in research settings or high-value animals where objective gait metrics guide treatment decisions
  • •Farriers should actively engage owners in shared decision-making and management planning, positioning themselves as partners rather than sole authorities in laminitis recovery.
  • •Using structured consultation approaches that progress from team-building through option exploration to final decisions can improve client adherence to hoof care recommendations.
  • •Acknowledging and working with the horse's behavioral responses during consultations is a valuable tool for navigating difficult conversations and building owner buy-in.
  • •Gut dysbiosis characterized by overgrowth of Lactobacillus and Megasphaera appears central to oligofructose-induced laminitis; managing hindgut fermentation through dietary management may help prevent acute laminitis episodes
  • •Elevated serum histamine and LPS suggest increased intestinal permeability during laminitis development; monitoring for signs of hindgut acidosis (behaviour changes, reduced intake) could enable early intervention
  • •Consider dietary strategies that promote hindgut stability (appropriate forage quality, limited grain, prebiotics/probiotics) as preventive measures for horses at risk of laminitis
  • •K124 monoclonal antibodies provide a new diagnostic tool to specifically identify and study lamellar tissue pathology in laminitis and other hoof diseases
  • •The lamellar specificity of K124 could enable earlier detection of lamellar damage or dysfunction before clinical signs of laminitis appear
  • •These keratin markers may help differentiate primary lamellar disease from secondary changes in other hoof structures when evaluating chronic hoof problems
  • •Controlled hoof wall thinning may reduce stress on the laminar attachment during loading, potentially protecting horses at high risk of laminitis from SADP failure
  • •This in vitro evidence suggests hoof wall reduction warrants clinical evaluation as a preventive farriery intervention, though field validation is needed before widespread application
  • •The increased deformability of trimmed hooves may act as a shock-absorbing mechanism, distributing load more favorably across the laminar tissue
  • •Transcervical gradual fluid drainage is a viable treatment option for hydropsical conditions in mares and allows for vaginal delivery rather than surgical intervention
  • •Leptospirosis testing should be considered in mares presenting with hydrallantois, as it may be a causative factor in a significant proportion of cases
  • •Complications including abdominal wall rupture and laminitis can develop in hydropsical mares; close monitoring during treatment and recovery is essential, and some cases may warrant euthanasia
  • •Customized diet and exercise plans can effectively treat EMS in owner-managed settings without specialized facilities, though compliance requires careful owner guidance
  • •Weight loss alone correlates with measurable improvements in insulin sensitivity markers, making this a practical first-line intervention for laminitis prevention
  • •Regular monitoring of insulin dynamics through dynamic testing helps confirm treatment efficacy and may improve owner compliance by demonstrating objective improvement
  • •Horses with PPID and clinical laminitis show consistent lamellar damage; screen fasting insulin in these cases as hyperinsulinaemia appears to be the driving factor for tissue pathology
  • •Normal insulin levels in PPID horses without laminitis suggests good metabolic control; absence of lamellar lesions in these cases indicates laminitis risk may be preventable with insulin management
  • •Variability in lamellar lesion severity independent of laminitis duration suggests acute exacerbations may occur; monitor insulin status closely rather than relying on historical disease timeline
  • •Supporting limb laminitis is rare but clinically significant; monitor the opposite limb closely after any injury requiring reduced weightbearing, particularly in the first 2-3 weeks
  • •Thoroughbreds may be at higher risk—breed-specific vigilance and proactive management strategies may be warranted
  • •SLL can develop even when the initially injured horse is still bearing weight, so severity of initial lameness does not eliminate risk of contralateral laminitis
  • •These reference measurements provide a baseline for detecting abnormal soft-tissue changes in laminitic feet on radiographs and MRI
  • •The less radiopaque layer visible on DR directly corresponds to the laminar tissues most affected by laminitis, helping clinicians identify early pathologic changes
  • •Excellent measurement reproducibility between observers supports the reliability of these techniques for clinical monitoring and research in laminitis cases
  • •Laminitis in dairy cattle is linked to ruminal acidosis—monitor feeding practices and diet transitions to prevent disease
  • •Blood protein biomarkers may enable earlier detection of laminitis before clinical signs become apparent
  • •Understanding the proteomics profile of laminitis could support development of diagnostic tests and targeted preventative strategies
  • •Hyperinsulinaemia may directly increase vascular resistance in the equine foot through ET-1 overexpression, providing a mechanistic link between insulin resistance and laminitis susceptibility
  • •Management of insulin-resistant horses should emphasize glycaemic control to prevent vascular changes in digital tissues that could precipitate or worsen laminitis
  • •Early detection and treatment of insulin resistance may help prevent the pathological vascular changes in the foot before clinical laminitis develops
  • •Understanding that laminitis involves suppression of specific signaling pathways at the cellular level may inform development of targeted therapies to stabilize the laminar attachment in acute cases
  • •The mechanism identified (loss of adhesion molecules rather than cell phenotype change) suggests therapeutic interventions should focus on restoring epithelial attachment rather than preventing cell differentiation
  • •This research identifies potential molecular targets (Wnt pathway components, β-catenin, integrin β4) that could be modulated to preserve or restore laminar integrity in laminitis management
  • •Macrophage infiltration in the laminae appears to be an early event in laminitis development, preceding visible clinical lameness, suggesting early inflammatory monitoring may help identify at-risk horses
  • •The transient nature of macrophage elevation followed by return to baseline despite ongoing lameness suggests different cellular populations may drive early versus late-stage laminitic damage
  • •Understanding the role of resident versus infiltrating mononuclear cells could inform therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation in acute laminitis
  • •Oligofructose in feedstuffs may be absorbed through damaged intestinal mucosa; consider feed composition in laminitis-prone horses and monitor gut health closely
  • •Phospholipid markers in blood could serve as early diagnostic indicators of intestinal wall compromise during laminitis development, potentially enabling earlier intervention
  • •NMR metabolic profiling offers a non-targeted approach to detecting unexpected pathophysiological changes in laminitis; horses with acute laminitis risk should have baseline metabolic assessment
  • •PGF(2α) antagonism may represent a preventive strategy for acute laminitis in horses exposed to BWHE or other inflammatory triggers
  • •Selective targeting of prostanoid receptors in laminar vasculature could preserve vascular function during the early inflammatory stages of laminitis
  • •Monitor for laminitis risk when horses have access to black walnut wood or extract; consider prostaglandin modulation as adjunctive therapy
  • •Minimising mechanical displacement during the acute phase of laminitis is critical, as lamellar architecture disruption at 7 days may permanently compromise the strength of the lamellar interface
  • •The intact basement membrane at 7 days suggests potential for tissue recovery if mechanical support is optimised early in the disease process
  • •Aggressive hoof support strategies during acute laminitis may improve long-term outcomes by preventing secondary lamellar detachment
  • •Even in non-equine species, laminitis can develop from high-concentrate diets combined with sedentary management; ensure adequate forage and exercise regardless of animal type
  • •Pearl millet and other grains should be fed in moderation with concurrent exercise to prevent metabolic and mechanical laminitis
  • •Horses with colic show altered serotonin regulation that may perpetuate ileus through receptor dysfunction; this may inform future therapeutic targets beyond conventional treatments
  • •Understanding serotonin's role in colic pathophysiology could lead to novel pharmacological interventions to improve outcomes in cases of bowel compromise
  • •Elevated serotonin in colic horses predisposed to laminitis suggests a biochemical link between gastrointestinal disease and secondary laminitis development
  • •Understanding MMP-14 involvement in acute laminitis may lead to therapeutic targets for early intervention and prevention of lamellar failure
  • •Enzymatic degradation of the dermal-epidermal junction is a key mechanism in laminitis that warrants consideration in treatment strategies
  • •Laminitis pathology begins much earlier than previously thought—structural damage occurs within the first 24-30 hours, emphasizing the critical importance of rapid recognition and intervention
  • •Clinical lameness may lag behind ultrastructural tissue damage, so early diagnostic imaging and lamellar assessment could detect disease progression before visible clinical signs become severe
  • •Understanding the timeline of earliest lesion formation helps guide preventative strategies and treatment timing in at-risk horses
  • •Red maple leaf toxicosis causes severe hemolytic anemia with high mortality (59%); monitor for signs of poisoning if wilted leaves are accessible to horses
  • •Avoid corticosteroid administration in red maple toxicosis cases, as it significantly worsens prognosis
  • •Development of fever during hospitalization is a favorable prognostic indicator; initial blood parameters alone cannot predict survival outcomes
  • •TMS can be a valuable diagnostic tool to quickly rule in or rule out motor tract disease in recumbent horses, helping prioritize further imaging and treatment decisions
  • •Normal MMEPs in a recumbent equine should redirect investigation toward metabolic and orthopedic causes rather than neurological lesions
  • •Abnormal MMEPs warrant urgent imaging (radiography, MRI) to localize spinal cord or peripheral nerve lesions and guide prognosis
  • •Metalloproteinase inhibition may offer a therapeutic strategy to prevent laminin 5 cleavage and thus prevent the dermo-epidermal separation that characterises laminitis
  • •The primary lesion in acute laminitis occurs at the anchoring filament level rather than the hemidesmosomal plaque, suggesting targeted intervention at this site may be more effective than broad basement membrane protection
  • •Understanding that laminin 5 cleavage is a specific molecular event in laminitis pathogenesis opens possibilities for preventative pharmaceutical approaches in at-risk horses
  • •Ice therapy applied early to at-risk horses (e.g., after grain overload) may substantially reduce laminitis severity and prevent lameness
  • •The mechanism appears to involve both vasoconstriction (blocking inflammatory triggers) and reduced metabolic activity in the laminae, suggesting immediate cold application is therapeutically sound
  • •This offers a simple, non-invasive prophylactic strategy that could be implemented on-farm immediately when laminitis risk is identified
  • •Anti-platelet therapy may have a preventive role in managing laminitis secondary to endotoxemia or systemic infection
  • •Digital vasoconstriction in septic/endotoxemic horses occurs through platelet-mediated mechanisms rather than systemic hemodynamic changes, suggesting local therapeutic targets
  • •Monitor for digital cooling and reduced digital perfusion in horses with suspected endotoxemia as early signs of vasoconstriction-induced laminitis risk
  • •Understanding tissue-specific cortisol metabolism could inform new therapeutic targets for laminitis management beyond systemic glucocorticoid modulation
  • •Local enzyme activity in lamellar tissue may be a key factor in laminitis susceptibility, suggesting future treatments could focus on tissue-level cortisol regulation rather than whole-body hormonal suppression
  • •Understanding ultrastructural changes in the basement membrane zone during laminitis may guide development of more targeted preventative and therapeutic strategies
  • •The oligofructose model provides a dose-dependent experimental platform for studying the pathogenesis of laminitis lesions
  • •Identifying hemidesmosome loss as a key pathological feature may inform future treatment approaches aimed at preserving dermal-epidermal attachment
  • •Understanding MMP-2 involvement in laminitis development may inform future therapeutic strategies targeting metalloproteinase inhibition during early disease stages
  • •Early detection and intervention during the developmental phase when MMP-2 transcription increases could potentially limit lamellar damage progression
  • •This molecular evidence supports the dysadhesion mechanism of laminitis and may guide future treatment protocols for acute cases
  • •Recognize black walnut shavings as a potential toxic exposure and eliminate them from bedding—cases can progress to irreversible laminitis
  • •Exercise caution with prolonged ice water immersion in laminitis cases; while ice therapy is beneficial short-term, excessive duration may impair perfusion and worsen laminar ischemia
  • •Monitor horses closely for progressive signs of severe laminitis (radiographic palmar deviation, abscess formation, hoof wall separation) as these indicate poor prognosis and early intervention may be warranted
  • •Transdermal GTN patches applied to the pastern offer a non-invasive method to improve hoof perfusion and reduce lameness in acute laminitis cases
  • •GTN treatment addresses the microvascular insufficiency underlying laminitis by enhancing nitric oxide-mediated blood flow
  • •This approach may benefit both acutely laminitic and chronically affected horses and ponies as an adjunctive therapy
  • •Black walnut toxicity causes measurable hemodynamic changes within 2-3 hours; horses with access to black walnut shavings (common in bedding and mulch) warrant close monitoring for early laminitis signs
  • •Early laminitis involves increased capillary hydrostatic pressure driving fluid into tissues rather than capillary damage, suggesting anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory interventions may be more appropriate than treatments targeting permeability
  • •Progressive tissue edema from rising capillary pressure can lead to capillary collapse and ischemia; aggressive management of digital perfusion and tissue pressure in early laminitis may prevent irreversible tissue damage
  • •Black walnut ingestion poses a significant laminitis risk in horses; heartwood is the most toxic component and contaminated bedding or feed should be avoided
  • •Clinical laminitis can develop rapidly (within 10 hours) following black walnut exposure, requiring immediate veterinary intervention and aggressive supportive care
  • •The vascular basis of black walnut toxicity—enhanced responsiveness to epinephrine—suggests potential therapeutic approaches targeting sympathetic tone or vasoconstriction in affected horses
  • •The secondary epidermal laminae are active contributors to hoof wall formation, not inert structures—understanding their keratinization process is essential for managing laminitis
  • •The white line represents approximately 20% of hoof wall thickness and is directly formed from secondary epidermal laminae keratinization, making it a critical zone for assessing hoof health
  • •The germinative capacity of secondary epidermal laminae suggests that laminitis involves disruption of active biological processes rather than simple mechanical failure of a passive interface
  • •Avoid prolonged topical application of formalin to sensitive structures; consider safer alternatives for distal phalanx treatment
  • •Heart bar shoes alone may be insufficient for managing secondary laminitis with significant phalangeal rotation; dorsal wall resection can be a valuable adjunct to restore proper biomechanics
  • •Aggressive surgical intervention combined with appropriate shoeing can achieve substantial realignment of the distal phalanx in select cases
  • •Ensure lateromedial radiographic projections are as perpendicular as possible when measuring distal phalangeal rotation in laminitic cases, as even 10+ degrees of tube head rotation will underestimate rotation severity
  • •Use the mean normalized intercondylar distance measurement as a quality control check on your radiographs to assess whether projection obliquity may have affected your DPR angle measurements
  • •When comparing serial radiographs to monitor laminitis progression, maintain consistent projection angles to avoid confounding measurement errors with actual changes in bone rotation
  • •Carbohydrate overload rapidly compromises the cecal mucosal barrier, providing a mechanistic link between grain overload and laminitis development
  • •The acute timeline (changes within 24 hours) emphasizes the importance of preventing accidental grain access and rapid feed changes in horses at risk
  • •Cecal mucosal damage may be a key trigger in the pathogenesis of laminitis, supporting nutritional management as a critical prevention strategy
  • •Monitor coronary band appearance closely in horses with endotoxemia or sepsis—any cavitation or depression warrants suspicion of distal P3 displacement even if radiographs appear normal
  • •Body weight appears to influence prognosis in this syndrome; heavier horses (>470 kg) had worse outcomes, which may inform case management decisions
  • •Laminitis in this condition is often a secondary complication; aggressive management of primary conditions (infection, endotoxemia) may help prevent its development
  • •Consider SGLT2 inhibitor therapy (ertugliflozin) when administering intra-articular corticosteroids to horses with insulin dysregulation to reduce hyperinsulinemia and laminitis risk
  • •Horses with existing ID warrant enhanced metabolic monitoring following IA corticosteroid injection
  • •SGLT2i drugs offer a pharmacological strategy to mitigate an important side effect of a common therapeutic intervention
  • •Venography is a clinically useful diagnostic tool for assessing digit blood flow in laminitis cases; understanding the proper technique and standard views helps interpret results and plan appropriate farriery and medical interventions.
  • •The procedure requires sedation, nerve blocks, and aseptic technique but is straightforward enough for practitioners to understand and request when evaluating laminitic horses.
  • •Abnormal vascular filling patterns revealed by venography can directly influence shoeing strategies and other therapeutic choices, making this a valuable diagnostic aid for complex foot cases.
  • •Exercise is strongly associated with reduced laminitis and metabolic disease risk, but implementation barriers (yard facilities, time, access) are the main limiting factor—not owner knowledge alone
  • •Livery yard management and facilities are critical constraints; if you operate a livery yard, consider whether your facilities enable adequate self-directed exercise as a welfare priority
  • •Simply restricting feed through stabling creates welfare problems; exploring how to increase exercise opportunity (both ridden and free movement) should be part of your weight-management strategy
  • •If operating a therapeutic riding facility, ensure stall dimensions are at least 3.65 × 3.65 m and restrict concentrate to 2 kg per meal to protect horse welfare and longevity
  • •Implement daily social interaction and monitor behavioral indicators of burnout; stop work immediately if signs appear—this extends effective working years and improves rehabilitation outcomes
  • •Establish a mandatory annual dental examination protocol and plan for responsible care throughout each horse's life cycle, including retirement provisions
  • •Adding enrichment to turnout areas—especially foraging opportunities—can significantly improve observed behavior and reduce problematic stereotypies, with no need to increase turnout size to be effective
  • •Managers report that enrichment correlates with improvement in common health conditions like laminitis, lameness, and EMS, suggesting it may be a practical welfare tool alongside other management strategies
  • •Forage-based enrichment appears most impactful for calmness and natural behaviors; structural elements add benefits for confidence and handling; consider combining types for maximum effect
  • •SGLT2 inhibitors have a physiological basis for use in equine EMS management, with confirmed transporter presence in target tissues
  • •Different SGLT2i drugs may have varying efficacy or side effect profiles in horses due to differential drug specificity and tissue expression patterns—selecting the appropriate agent matters
  • •The presence of these transporters in liver and pancreas explains why SGLT2i may help manage insulin dysregulation beyond simple renal effects
  • •Establish weight clinic protocols in your practice—leverage your position as a trusted advisor to help owners manage obesity-related disease risk
  • •Use goal-setting and clear communication strategies to improve owner buy-in; tailor recommendations (grazing limits, muzzles, specific feeds) to individual management situations
  • •Proactive weight management via veterinary-led clinics prevents downstream laminitis and other obesity-related pathology
  • •Intra-arterial cisplatin for hoof canker treatment poses significant laminitis risk and should not be used in live horses based on these findings of basal membrane damage
  • •Topical cisplatin application remains the safer alternative to intra-arterial administration, despite requiring more frequent bandage changes and hazmat handling
  • •Horses with hoof canker may benefit from exploring non-cisplatin treatment protocols or refined surgical debridement approaches to avoid this drug's systemic vascular complications
  • •Screen sedentary horses for insulin dysregulation using staged diagnostic approach (basal insulin/glucose followed by dynamic testing) to prevent laminitis development
  • •Implement weight management as first-line treatment: restrict feed to ~1.25% body weight daily combined with individualized exercise programs tailored to horse's fitness level and breed
  • •Consider pharmacological support (metformin, levothyroxine) for obese horses unable to exercise due to laminitis or those not responding adequately to diet and exercise alone
  • •Educate owners that maintaining moderate body weight is critical prevention for laminitis and metabolic disease, even when horses are 'easy keepers'
  • •Monitor fasting insulin levels and body condition in middle-aged horses, as insulin resistance often precedes clinical laminitis
  • •Address overfeeding of concentrates and hay as the primary modifiable risk factor; feeding behavior change is essential for management
  • •Implement regular exercise conditioning programs as a primary intervention to improve insulin sensitivity and facilitate weight loss in obese horses at risk for metabolic disease and laminitis
  • •Even single exercise sessions provide metabolic benefits through improved glucose disposal, making consistent work schedules important for metabolic management
  • •Weight management through exercise is critical for laminitis prevention, particularly in horses with documented insulin resistance or obesity
  • •Nearly 40% of senior horses are fully retired; early identification and management of health problems may extend working life and maintain functional muscle mass
  • •One in six senior horses has clinically apparent low muscle mass—implement structured exercise programs and nutritional management to prevent sarcopenia and maintain welfare
  • •Endocrine diseases (PPID), joint conditions, and laminitis are strong drivers of muscle loss in older horses; targeted management of these conditions may preserve muscular function
  • •Ensure all horses receive minimum 1.5% bodyweight in forage daily with continuous access (no >4-5 hour gaps) to prevent gastric ulcers, hindgut acidosis, and behavioral issues
  • •Replace starch-based concentrates with high-fiber alternatives (e.g., fiber-based oils, chaff, silage) when designing high-energy rations to reduce EGUS incidence and laminitis risk
  • •Monitor for wood-chewing and stereotypic behaviors as indicators of inadequate forage intake or low forage quality; increase hay quantity/quality and grazing time rather than supplementing starch
  • •Elite competition ponies are dangerously overweight, suggesting owners and judges may not recognize obesity as a problem at show level
  • •Adiposity may influence judging outcomes in conformation-based competitions, creating perverse incentives to maintain excessive weight
  • •Widespread obesity in competition ponies puts them at high risk for metabolic syndrome and laminitis, requiring urgent industry-wide education on healthy body condition
  • •Transmural ultrasound offers a novel diagnostic window for assessing internal hoof structures, particularly the lamellar layer, which may improve early detection and monitoring of laminitis
  • •Simple preparation (hoof submersion in water or water-ice for 24 hours) appears sufficient to obtain diagnostic images, making this technique potentially practical for clinical use
  • •Further validation in laminitis cases is needed before this technique can be recommended as a standard diagnostic tool in routine lameness evaluation
  • •Obese horses carry excess workload burden from adipose tissue alone, requiring adjusted training and conditioning protocols
  • •Excess weight directly impacts gait mechanics and arthritis risk—body condition management is preventive orthopedic care
  • •Challenge clients and competition judges on aesthetic preferences for adiposity; educate on performance and welfare costs of overweight athletic animals
  • •Heart-bar shoes offer superior P3 stabilization for laminitic horses compared to standard shoes, supporting their clinical use in acute and chronic laminitis management.
  • •Open-heel shoes may allow excessive P3 motion in compromised hooves and should be avoided during active laminitis; closed-heel configurations (egg-bar or heart-bar) provide better support.
  • •Shoe selection significantly alters hoof biomechanics differently in laminitic versus sound hooves—one shoe configuration does not provide equivalent benefits across both conditions.
  • •Recognize EMS early by looking for obesity, local fat deposits, bilateral lameness, and characteristic hoof rings—these warrant insulin/glucose testing
  • •Manage affected horses through strict diet control and consistent fitness work; medication and regenerative therapies are not yet standard protocols
  • •Understand that laminitis secondary to EMS is a major performance-limiting consequence, making prevention and early intervention critical for owners
  • •Toe-in hoof conformation creates asymmetrical loading patterns that concentrate laminar junction degeneration laterally, potentially explaining why certain conformations predispose horses to laminitis
  • •Farriers should recognize that hoof conformation affects not just distribution of forces but the specific tissue structures vulnerable to laminitis progression
  • •Computer modelling suggests that normalizing center of pressure paths through corrective farriery may help distribute laminar stress more symmetrically and reduce laminitis risk
  • •Oral carbohydrate testing that includes gastrointestinal assessment is important for diagnosing insulin dysregulation and identifying laminitis risk in horses, particularly measuring post-prandial insulin responses.
  • •Understanding how the gastrointestinal tract enhances insulin secretion through the enteroinsular axis can help inform dietary management strategies to reduce hyperinsulinaemia and laminitis risk.
  • •Current knowledge gaps remain regarding several gut peptides in horses; ongoing research into enteroinsular axis function may reveal new diagnostic or therapeutic targets for managing insulin dysregulation.
  • •Farriers should recognize HWSD clinical presentation (dorsal hoof wall separation and cracking) in young Connemaras and coordinate care with veterinarians; targeted hoof care and specialized shoeing can help manage severity
  • •Genetic testing is now mandatory for Connemara breed registrations—practitioners should be aware that homozygous carriers show disease while heterozygous carriers are clinically normal
  • •Environmental management may reduce disease severity in affected ponies; work with owners and veterinarians on comprehensive management strategies combining hoof care, shoeing, and stable management
  • •Increase vigilance for early PPID signs in your patients—early diagnosis and treatment initiation significantly improves quality of life and outcomes
  • •Be aware that basal ACTH testing alone may miss cases; consider TRH stimulation testing where available and combine with clinical assessment for better diagnostic accuracy
  • •Recognize PPID as a systemic endocrine condition linked to insulin dysregulation and laminitis; manage metabolic comorbidities alongside pergolide therapy
  • •Hydrops carries a good prognosis for both survival and future fertility when diagnosed early and managed with transcervical gradual fluid drainage, with no observed recurrence in this series
  • •Hydrallantois responds better to treatment than hydramnios; prioritize transcervical drainage to avoid serious complications like hypovolemic shock and hemorrhage that compromise both survival and breeding potential
  • •Expect approximately 71% of mares to foal the following year after hydrops treatment, allowing informed breeding and management decisions for affected broodmares
  • •Withaferin A shows promise as a potential therapeutic agent for equine conditions involving excessive neutrophilic inflammation (asthma, laminitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury), though clinical efficacy in horses has not yet been demonstrated
  • •This is foundational in vitro research; significant additional work needed to determine optimal dosing, bioavailability, and safety in live horses before clinical application
  • •Consider monitoring emerging research on WFA as a potential adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapy, but do not use clinically in horses until in vivo and clinical trials are completed
  • •When evaluating donkeys suspected of metabolic syndrome, IVGTT appears more sensitive than CGIT for detecting insulin dysregulation, though both tests warrant consideration
  • •Existing equine metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria show promise for donkey assessment but cannot be directly applied without establishing donkey-specific insulin thresholds
  • •Baseline serum insulin and leptin concentrations should be evaluated alongside dynamic testing, as single measurements may not adequately capture metabolic dysfunction in donkeys
  • •Laminitis causes permanent structural changes in hoof tissue; focus on prevention and early intervention using current best-practice therapies and mechanical support rather than expecting full restoration.
  • •Progenitor cell-based therapies are emerging as a potential future treatment avenue but are not yet clinically established for equine hoof tissue repair.
  • •Understanding hoof anatomy and laminitis pathophysiology is essential, as current treatments manage symptoms and support healing but do not reliably restore normal tissue architecture.
  • •Research is identifying specific cell populations in the hoof that may drive tissue repair after laminitis-induced damage; this foundational work could eventually lead to targeted cell therapies for affected horses
  • •Understanding hoof progenitor cell biology may help explain why some horses recover better from laminitis than others and inform future treatment strategies
  • •This work is preliminary (in vitro characterization only) and not yet applicable to clinical practice, but represents an important step toward developing regenerative medicine approaches for laminitis
  • •Obesity alone may not directly cause lamellar failure in draft horses, but all horses in this study showed some lamellar pathology warranting preventive hoof management
  • •Morphological differences in secondary lamellae structure exist between obese and lean horses; tapered SELs in obese horses may have different weight-bearing implications than club-shaped SELs
  • •Hoof lamellae length correlates with overall hoof size rather than metabolic status; farriers should consider individual hoof dimensions when evaluating lamellar architecture
  • •DHT may offer a middle-ground surgical option for laminitis cases, achieving load reduction comparable to complete tenotomy while preserving more tendon strength
  • •Residual strength after DHT (195 kg failure load) appears adequate for normal stance loads, potentially reducing post-operative complications
  • •These ex vivo results are promising but require in vivo validation before widespread clinical adoption—discuss with your veterinarian whether DHT might be appropriate for your horse
  • •MSC therapy is emerging as a potential treatment for multiple equine conditions beyond joint and tendon injuries, but clinical protocols are not yet standardized for routine use
  • •The horse serves as a valuable translational model for human diseases due to similarities in disease pathogenesis, particularly for wound healing, laminitis, and metabolic disorders
  • •Current evidence supports further research but practitioners should await robust clinical trials before adopting MSC therapies for non-musculoskeletal conditions in their practice
  • •Endocrine testing for laminitis cases is now standard practice among UK equine veterinarians; ensure your veterinarian performs appropriate screening (insulin, glucose, ACTH levels) at initial and follow-up examinations.
  • •If your horse is diagnosed with an underlying endocrine condition (PPID, EMS), targeted treatment of the endocrinopathy significantly reduces the risk of recurrent laminitis episodes.
  • •Clear communication with your veterinarian about endocrine test results and their management implications can improve both case outcomes and your understanding of long-term hoof care strategies.
  • •Juglone itself does not appear to be the direct trigger of black walnut-induced laminitis based on neutrophil activation mechanisms, suggesting other compounds in walnut extract may be responsible
  • •Understanding that juglone actually suppresses rather than amplifies neutrophil-mediated inflammation may redirect focus to other mechanisms in laminitis pathogenesis
  • •Further investigation needed to identify the actual causative agent in black walnut extract that induces the severe dermal-epidermal separation seen clinically
  • •Milk thistle seed cakes at normal feed doses (up to 400 g/day) may help support liver function and metabolic responses to exercise in horses
  • •Changes in NEFA and cortisol suggest milk thistle may influence energy metabolism and stress response during intense training
  • •Small sample size (n=5 per group) limits clinical application; results are preliminary and warrant larger-scale investigation before broad recommendations
  • •Use multimodal pain management protocols (combining NSAIDs, opioids, and infusions) rather than single agents for better laminitis pain control in acute cases
  • •Consider local anesthetic techniques and epidural catheters alongside systemic therapy to achieve pain relief with fewer adverse effects
  • •Stay informed on emerging agents like amitriptyline as evidence develops, but rely on proven multimodal approaches for current clinical practice
  • •Uterine lavage appears safe to use in postpartum metritis cases as it does not acutely increase circulating endotoxin markers or worsen systemic inflammation
  • •The procedure shows immediate clinical benefit (lower heart rate) without triggering detectable acute inflammatory marker elevation
  • •Concern that lavage might increase endotoxin uptake and worsen clinical signs is not supported by this inflammatory marker data
  • •Strip grazing is the most widely adopted and welfare-friendly restricted grazing method in UK practice—consider recommending this first to clients managing laminitis/obesity risk
  • •Grazing muzzles and stabling polarize opinion; discuss individual horse welfare needs and management constraints with clients to find acceptable alternatives if strip grazing is not feasible
  • •Implementation barriers are significant; help clients problem-solve practical, cost-effective solutions tailored to their yard setup rather than prescribing idealized protocols
  • •During future lockdowns or restrictions, ensure consistent messaging across veterinary, farrier, and welfare networks about laminitis/obesity management—farriers' clear guidance was notably effective.
  • •Develop and pre-emptively disseminate specific management guidelines for at-risk horses (obesity, laminitis predisposition) that address reduced exercise scenarios and reduced yard supervision.
  • •Coordinate with veterinary and welfare experts now to create ready-to-deploy protocols for emergency situations, rather than relying on ad-hoc advice during crisis periods.
  • •Dietary sugar management may be critical in laminitis prevention, as excessive glucose metabolism producing methylglyoxal could directly damage lamellar tissue integrity
  • •This mechanism supports the practice of restricting NSC (non-structural carbohydrate) intake in laminitis-prone horses, particularly during high-risk periods
  • •Further research linking blood MG levels to clinical laminitis cases could help identify at-risk horses and refine dietary intervention protocols
  • •Do not assume equine reference ranges and diagnostic criteria apply to donkeys—use donkey-specific reference values for insulin, glucose, and PPID testing to avoid misdiagnosis
  • •Weight management and exercise are first-line treatments for donkey metabolic syndrome; monitor for laminitis and hypertrichosis as key indicators of PPID requiring pergolide therapy
  • •When performing dynamic endocrine tests in donkeys, expect different responses than horses; consider seasonal variations and use species-appropriate interpretation thresholds
  • •Hyperinsulinaemia directly compromises lamellar strength in susceptible horses; aggressive metabolic management and insulin control are critical for laminitis prevention in endocrinopathic cases
  • •Horses with underlying metabolic disorders require early identification and treatment to prevent irreversible lamellar damage, as insulin itself appears to be a causative factor rather than just a marker of disease
  • •This research provides a foundation for testing therapeutic interventions targeting insulin signaling pathways as potential preventive strategies for endocrinopathic laminitis
  • •Obesity management in horses should be prioritized as a preventive strategy against insulin dysregulation and laminitis risk
  • •Practitioners should recognize that insulin dysregulation is a key mechanism linking metabolic dysfunction to laminitis, requiring targeted dietary and management interventions
  • •Understanding inflammatory pathways related to adiposity and oxidative stress may inform future therapeutic approaches for laminitis prevention and management
  • •Silymarin shows promise as a natural anti-inflammatory agent for hoof health in dairy cattle, potentially offering an alternative to antibiotics for laminitis prevention
  • •The herb's protective effects on dermal cell inflammation and survival suggest potential clinical benefits, though in vivo efficacy studies are needed before farm application
  • •Results support further investigation into herbal supplements for managing dairy cow hoof disease, a significant source of production loss
  • •Cooling PRP to 4°C preserves platelet counts better than cryopreservation at -196°C for 14-day storage, potentially enabling wider distribution of PRP for field use
  • •Even with storage, PRP retains significant growth factor release capacity (26% of fresh levels), suggesting clinical utility beyond immediate on-site application
  • •DMSO and trehalose show promise as additives to improve PRP storage viability, which could expand clinical applications for treating bone, joint, tendon and other equine injuries
  • •Balance pain relief with the protective role of pain in acute laminitis—over-analgesia may increase lamellar damage through excessive movement
  • •Use serial pain assessment methods to guide treatment decisions and recognize when euthanasia becomes the humane choice
  • •Employ multimodal analgesia combining systemic medications with regional techniques for optimal pain control while preserving protective mechanisms
  • •Identify the primary disease driver (endocrine dysfunction, ischemia, or sepsis) early, as this determines which preventive and therapeutic pathways to target
  • •Recognize that despite different causes, acute laminitis shares common tissue damage patterns—address inflammation, pain management, and mechanical load strategically for all forms
  • •Implement cause-specific interventions (insulin modulation, limb support/unloading, anti-inflammatory therapy) alongside general acute laminitis protocols for optimal outcomes
  • •Nearly all horse operations in Maryland have obesity concerns—this is a widespread management challenge requiring systemic solutions rather than isolated interventions
  • •Ponies require different management strategies than horses for weight control; dry lot systems may be necessary but consider labor costs and welfare implications when planning facilities
  • •Exercise combined with pasture/dry lot management is more effective and satisfying than relying on grazing muzzles or medication alone for sustainable weight control
  • •If using the oral sugar test to screen for insulin dysregulation in ponies, consider adopting the 0.45 mL/kg bwt corn syrup dose rather than the standard 0.15 mL/kg, as it better identifies insulin-dysregulated animals at risk of laminitis.
  • •Using area under the curve (AUC) rather than single time-point insulin values improves test reliability and repeatability.
  • •The test does not require strict fasting protocols—ponies can be tested while on pasture, making clinical application more practical.
  • •Insulin dysregulation in horses may involve intestinal factors beyond simple dietary management; understanding GLP-2's role could inform new prevention strategies for laminitis
  • •Current feeding and management approaches for ID horses may need to account for altered intestinal nutrient absorption pathways, not just caloric restriction
  • •Horses with ID and laminitis risk may benefit from veterinary assessment of digestive and metabolic function beyond standard insulin/glucose testing
  • •Laminitis cases should be investigated for underlying systemic disease, particularly endocrine disease, rather than treated as an isolated condition
  • •Understanding that lamellar cell stretching and elongation are early key events offers new targets for intervention and management strategies
  • •The recognition of a variable subclinical phase suggests potential for earlier detection and prevention if systemic disease triggers are identified and managed promptly
  • •Farriers can leverage their regular farm visits to identify and counsel owners on overnutrition and inappropriate care practices contributing to laminitis risk
  • •Consider developing a collaborative care model where farriers communicate nutrition and management concerns to veterinarians and horse owners
  • •Recognize that farrier-owner relationships may provide a unique opportunity for preventive health education, particularly in populations where owner knowledge gaps exist
  • •Consider acupuncture and spinal manipulation as complementary pain management tools for geriatric horses with chronic laminitis or osteoarthritis when conventional treatments are insufficient
  • •Integrative therapies may help manage musculoskeletal stiffness and muscle hypertonicity in aged horses, potentially improving comfort and function
  • •These approaches provide additional diagnostic and management options for the growing population of senior horses in practice
  • •Misoprostol, already used safely as a gastroprotectant in horses, shows promise as a cytokine-targeting therapy for inflammatory conditions like sepsis and laminitis
  • •In vitro results are encouraging but in vivo studies are needed before clinical application; timing and dosing of misoprostol treatment may affect outcomes differently depending on the cytokine target
  • •The drug's selective effects on different cytokines suggest it may require careful clinical evaluation and potentially combination therapy approaches
  • •Misoprostol, already used clinically as a gastroprotectant in horses, may have additional anti-inflammatory benefits through neutrophil modulation in inflammatory conditions like laminitis and colitis
  • •These in vitro findings suggest misoprostol could potentially reduce tissue damage from dysregulated neutrophil activity when NSAIDs alone are insufficient, though in vivo clinical trials are needed
  • •Further research is required before misoprostol can be recommended as a novel anti-inflammatory therapy, but this work provides a mechanistic rationale for investigating its use beyond GI protection
  • •Early recognition and intervention during the prodromal stage of laminitis is critical, as few current treatments can reliably prevent progression to severe complications
  • •Understanding the multifactorial nature of laminitis (ischemic, enzymatic, metabolic, inflammatory) should inform your approach to prevention and management
  • •Current therapeutic options are limited in controlling acute laminitis severity—focus on prevention and early detection strategies
  • •Select pain assessment tools appropriate to your specific clinical situation (e.g., colic vs. lameness vs. post-surgical) rather than applying one universal scale, as tool performance varies by condition.
  • •Understand that grimace scales and composite scales may provide more objective assessment than single-parameter scales, potentially improving pain management decisions in your practice.
  • •Implement systematic, documented pain scoring to standardize pain recognition across your team and enable better tracking of analgesic effectiveness over time.
  • •Always allow access to hay and water during transport and implement post-journey recovery protocols to significantly reduce heat stroke and laminitis risk
  • •Assess horse health status before transport and provide appropriate protections; younger/less experienced handlers managing large numbers of horses should prioritize safety checks
  • •For racehorses or long-distance transport, monitor closely for pneumonia signs and ensure adequate ventilation; check horses immediately after arrival to identify and manage injuries early
  • •Always investigate the underlying cause when a horse presents with laminitis—assume endocrine disease (particularly EMS) until proven otherwise
  • •Implement early screening and management protocols for EMS in your practice to prevent the devastating progression to chronic painful laminitis
  • •Familiarize yourself with EMS diagnosis and management strategies, as this represents the primary preventive opportunity for laminitis in most cases
  • •Bone changes in the distal phalanx can be detected in early laminitis stages, suggesting micro-CT and the described grading scheme may improve early detection and inform therapeutic decisions before irreversible damage occurs.
  • •Understanding that laminitis involves quantifiable osteopathology beyond soft tissue involvement emphasizes the need for comprehensive imaging and monitoring of the distal phalanx, not just hoof wall assessment.
  • •The correlation between laminitis severity grade and bone changes provides a framework for standardizing laminitis assessment across cases, facilitating consistent communication between farriers and veterinarians.
  • •Understanding SADP as a true suspensory structure connecting parietal surface to lamellar wall should inform trimming and farriery approaches to loading and support
  • •Laminitis should be understood as SADP degradation, suggesting therapeutic strategies should target collagen preservation and integrity rather than solely addressing vascular or inflammatory pathways
  • •The angled, functional architecture of the SADP (70° to ground) may explain weight distribution mechanics and inform therapeutic approaches to pain and loading in laminitic horses
  • •Local intraosseous infusion to the distal phalanx does not currently offer an advantage over systemic intravenous infusion for delivering marimastat to lamellar tissue, and drug delivery by this route is unreliable
  • •Neither delivery method achieved sufficient marimastat concentrations in lamellar tissue to prevent laminitis based on current knowledge, suggesting alternative drugs, dosing strategies, or delivery methods need further investigation
  • •Until the IOIDP technique is refined and validated, systemic drug administration remains the more predictable approach for laminitis prevention, though better therapeutic options are still needed
  • •Recognition and management of insulin resistance is critical to prevent laminitis, as hyperinsulinaemia directly affects glucose transport in tissues vulnerable to laminitis
  • •Horses showing signs of metabolic disease require metabolic screening and dietary management to reduce circulating insulin levels and prevent digital lamellae dysfunction
  • •Understanding the molecular basis of laminitis development through glucose transporter dysfunction may guide future preventative and therapeutic strategies
  • •Understanding LBEC-specific signalling mechanisms may lead to targeted therapeutic interventions earlier in laminitis development
  • •Cell-level research demonstrates why laminitis pathology is so severe—failure occurs at the critical epithelial-dermal adhesion interface
  • •This methodological approach could improve future laminitis research by distinguishing primary cellular events from secondary inflammatory responses
  • •Consider Andalusian breed as a risk factor when screening for metabolic syndrome; prioritize weight management and adiposity assessment in this population
  • •Monitor insulin regulation and metabolic status carefully in Andalusian horses showing signs of regional fat deposition or early laminitis
  • •Further epidemiological research is needed to establish definitive prevalence and risk factors specific to this breed
  • •Early recognition and prompt antimicrobial treatment are critical for sepsis outcomes; intensive care including fluid resuscitation, pressure support, and management of inflammation and coagulopathy are essential components of treatment
  • •In neonatal foals, ensure adequate passive transfer of colostral antibodies to prevent sepsis; monitor for multiple concurrent conditions including arthritis and meningoencephalitis
  • •In mature horses, investigate gastrointestinal disease as the primary source in septic cases, and be alert for secondary complications such as laminitis and coagulopathies that require specific management
  • •Endotoxemia may compromise lamellar tissue integrity through mechanisms other than direct cell death, supporting aggressive endotoxin management in at-risk horses
  • •The dose-dependent effect of LPS on tissue separation suggests that endotoxin load correlates with lamellar failure risk; monitoring and controlling systemic endotoxemia is critical in laminitis prevention
  • •Altered lactic acid metabolism in affected tissue may represent a useful biomarker for early lamellar compromise and warrants further investigation for diagnostic or prognostic application
  • •Don't rely solely on the dexamethasone suppression test for early PPID diagnosis—consider basal ACTH sampling in autumn for better detection of subclinical disease
  • •Hyperinsulinemia and laminitis are common concurrent findings in PPID cases; screen for insulin dysfunction when managing PPID patients
  • •Pergolide mesylate remains the primary medical treatment; recent pharmacokinetic and long-term outcome data now support clinical decision-making
  • •This technique enables veterinarians to measure drug concentrations directly in lamellar tissue, improving ability to evaluate effectiveness of laminitis prevention treatments
  • •The method is tolerable in living horses and can sample continuously for extended periods, making it practical for evaluating therapeutic agents during clinical trials
  • •Stable ultrafiltrate composition over time suggests the technique provides reliable sampling for pharmacological studies, supporting development of locally-acting laminitis prevention strategies
  • •Lamellar microdialysis represents a new diagnostic tool to directly assess energy metabolism failure in laminitis cases, potentially improving understanding of disease mechanisms before clinical signs develop
  • •The technique's safety profile and ability to monitor metabolite changes over time could allow practitioners and researchers to evaluate intervention effectiveness in real-time during acute laminitis cases
  • •Normal lamellar tissue shows distinct metabolic characteristics (lower glucose, higher lactate:glucose ratio) compared to surrounding tissues, establishing baseline values for identifying pathological energy failure in laminitis
  • •Understanding differential vascular responses between laminar arteries and veins to insulin may help explain the vascular component of hyperinsulinemia-induced laminitis in clinical cases
  • •This in vitro model provides a potential tool for testing new therapeutic interventions targeting insulin-related vascular dysfunction in laminitis-prone horses
  • •Hyperinsulinemic horses may have compromised laminar vascular regulation that could contribute to laminitis development, supporting the importance of insulin management in at-risk individuals
  • •Screen horses at risk of laminitis for insulin dysregulation using oral sugar or glucose tolerance tests to enable early intervention
  • •Manage hyperinsulinaemia through dietary modification and weight control, as insulin dysregulation significantly increases laminitis risk
  • •Consider insulin dysregulation in foals presenting with prematurity or systemic illness, as it can accompany these conditions
  • •Horses with Cushing's disease or metabolic syndrome may have altered vascular reactivity in the laminae, increasing laminitis risk through cortisol-mediated changes in vein contraction
  • •Insulin resistance may compound laminitis risk by reducing the natural protective effects of insulin on laminar blood vessel contraction
  • •Management strategies targeting cortisol control and insulin sensitivity may help mitigate vascular mechanisms underlying laminitis in predisposed horses
  • •Assess pain in horses using both obvious signs (lameness, rolling, flank watching) and subtle indicators (facial expression, behavior changes, stance) to ensure appropriate treatment
  • •Use multimodal analgesia combining NSAIDs, opioids, and/or α2-agonists tailored to pain severity and chronicity rather than single-agent therapy
  • •Consider specialized delivery methods (intra-articular, epidural) and neuropathic agents (gabapentin) for specific conditions and hospitalized cases, with adjusted protocols for foals
  • •This technique improves histological analysis of hoof lamellae, which may enhance research understanding of laminitis pathophysiology and potentially inform prevention or treatment strategies
  • •WGA counterstaining is a cost-effective tool for veterinary pathologists and researchers investigating hoof structure and disease at the microscopic level
  • •High fructan pastures (especially in spring and fall) may increase laminitis risk in susceptible horses through mechanisms involving intestinal bacteria-mediated fructose generation and hepatic metabolism
  • •Managing fructan intake through grazing time restrictions, hay feeding, or pasture selection could be a preventive strategy for metabolic syndrome and laminitis-prone horses
  • •Further research is needed to confirm these mechanisms before making definitive dietary recommendations, but reducing fructan exposure in horses with insulin resistance or laminitis history warrants consideration
  • •Invest time in proper foot preparation and patient positioning before radiographs—poor technique requires costly retakes and delays therapeutic farriery decisions.
  • •Systematic radiographic protocols for the foot provide the anatomical framework needed to plan and evaluate therapeutic farriery interventions.
  • •Quality radiographs are non-negotiable for accurate podiatry diagnosis and should be obtained before committing to corrective farriery work.
  • •Promoting growth of Megasphaera elsdenii and Veillonella montpellierensis through management strategies may help prevent hindgut acidosis during starch challenges.
  • •Some horses' microbiomes are inherently better at clearing excess lactate; understanding what enables this resilience could inform probiotic or dietary interventions.
  • •This mechanistic understanding of lactate-utilizing bacteria may eventually enable targeted interventions to prevent laminitis in starch-sensitive horses.
  • •This in vitro model provides a reliable laboratory tool for investigating vascular dysfunction mechanisms in hyperinsulinaemic laminitis, potentially leading to better therapeutic targets.
  • •Understanding that insulin resistance causes abnormal vascular contraction rather than relaxation may explain reduced blood flow to laminae in insulin-associated laminitis cases.
  • •The PI3-kinase pathway's central role suggests potential future therapeutic interventions could target this pathway to restore normal vascular insulin sensitivity in laminitis-prone horses.
  • •Reconsider the anatomical basis of traditional equine acupuncture point locations—standard textbook points may not accurately reflect human-to-horse transposition due to fundamental differences in limb anatomy
  • •A neuroanatomic approach targeting nerve distribution rather than surface landmarks may offer a more scientifically defensible framework for selecting acupuncture points in the distal limb
  • •Laminitis treatment may benefit from acupuncture point selection based on nerve supply to the equine foot rather than traditional fixed locations, though clinical evidence is lacking
  • •Review feeding practices and exercise regimens for overweight horses, particularly those showing signs of insulin resistance, as these are modifiable risk factors for laminitis
  • •Screen obese or insulin-resistant horses for EMS and monitor closely for laminitis development, which may require euthanasia in severe cases
  • •Focus management on reducing sugar and starch intake while increasing physical activity to mitigate metabolic syndrome risk
  • •Understanding glucose transport in the hoof may provide new insights into laminitis prevention and treatment strategies
  • •Horses with insulin resistance should be monitored closely as they may have compromised glucose delivery to hoof tissues
  • •Further research is needed to clarify glucose uptake mechanisms before clinical recommendations can be made
  • •Donkey feet cannot be accurately assessed using equine foot anatomy as reference; species-specific normal baseline data is essential for diagnosing laminitis in donkeys
  • •Objective radiological measurements should be used alongside subjective assessment to improve detection of early laminitic changes
  • •Farriers and veterinarians working with donkeys should recognize that standard equine diagnostic criteria may not apply to this species
  • •PPID is a lifelong condition in older horses that cannot be cured but can be managed; excessive or abnormal hair coat shedding should prompt diagnostic testing in horses aged 15+ years
  • •Test PPID-affected horses for insulin dysregulation as laminitis risk is directly associated with hyperinsulinaemia; dietary management specific to insulin sensitivity is essential alongside pergolide therapy
  • •Combine pharmacological treatment (pergolide) with tailored nutrition and symptomatic management (e.g., clipping, unrestricted water access) for optimal clinical outcomes
  • •Venography provides a useful adjunct to routine radiography for assessing vascular changes in laminitis cases and can guide treatment decisions
  • •Serial venograms allow you to objectively monitor whether therapeutic interventions (farriery techniques, surgery, shoeing) are improving vascular perfusion in the digit
  • •Understanding the progressive venographic changes in laminitis helps correlate imaging findings with clinical severity and prognosis
  • •Use venography in conjunction with clinical and radiographic findings to inform treatment decisions for laminitis cases
  • •Consider serial venograms to objectively assess whether your treatment approach is working and to establish realistic prognosis early
  • •A static or worsening venographic pattern suggests you should either change your treatment strategy or prepare clients for a poor outcome
  • •Treatment decisions for laminitis should be based on current scientific understanding of disease mechanisms rather than traditional or empirical approaches
  • •Both developmental and acute laminitis presentations require pharmacologic consideration, likely with different therapeutic targets and timing
  • •Understanding the pathophysiology underlying different laminitis cases can guide selection among available treatment options
  • •When evaluating laminitis cases in the field, prioritize screening for endocrine disorders (ECS and EMS) as these are the most common underlying causes
  • •Develop a systematic approach to exclude non-endocrine causes (inflammation, weight-bearing issues) before or concurrently with endocrine testing to improve treatment outcomes
  • •Focus management strategies on identifying and treating the underlying endocrine condition rather than treating laminitis as an isolated problem
  • •Dietary carbohydrate management is critical for laminitis prevention; understanding the hindgut microbial trigger mechanism supports evidence-based feeding protocols
  • •Future therapeutic approaches may target hindgut streptococcal populations to prevent or treat carbohydrate-induced laminitis
  • •Laminitis remains a life-threatening condition with high euthanasia rates; prevention through appropriate nutrition is essential in practice
  • •Monitor pasture conditions closely during spring, late summer droughts, and after cold snaps—these are peak risk periods for NSC accumulation even if pasture looks green
  • •Limit or remove access to pasture for laminitis-prone horses when environmental stress (cold, drought, poor soil nutrition) triggers sugar and starch buildup
  • •Well-fertilized, actively growing pasture in warm conditions is safer than stressed pasture, so management practices that promote consistent growth reduce laminitis risk
  • •Avoid using black walnut wood shavings as bedding; use alternative bedding materials to prevent laminitis in horses
  • •Understand that laminitis involves inflammatory signaling cascades that may be targeted therapeutically
  • •Recognize that multiple mechanistic models (BWE and carbohydrate overload) provide complementary insights into clinical laminitis development
  • •Identify and manage hyperinsulinemia in at-risk horses as a direct laminitis prevention strategy, not just as a marker of insulin resistance
  • •Focus on dietary and metabolic management to reduce circulating insulin levels in horses with laminitis risk factors
  • •Recognize that insulin-associated laminitis is increasingly common in modern equine populations and requires targeted metabolic intervention
  • •Laminitis involves complex vascular dysfunction beyond simple inflammation; understanding venous insufficiency and thrombotic mechanisms may inform future treatment approaches
  • •Metabolic syndrome management becomes increasingly important as a preventive strategy, as it appears linked to microvasculature dysfunction in the laminae
  • •Current therapeutic strategies remain limited; this review highlights the need for novel interventions targeting vascular dysfunction rather than inflammation alone
  • •Screen horses for metabolic syndrome components (obesity, elevated insulin, triglycerides) as these increase laminitis risk—early identification enables preventive management
  • •Weight management and insulin resistance control may reduce laminitis predisposition in affected horses, though specific mechanisms require further research
  • •Consider inflammatory and vascular dysfunction pathways when managing laminitis in metabolically compromised horses, not just mechanical load factors
  • •Early laminitis (within first 3 hours) involves rapid inflammatory gene activation affecting leukocyte recruitment and vascular permeability—suggesting very early intervention may be critical to prevent progression
  • •The progression from pro-inflammatory response to matrix-degrading enzyme expression helps explain the timeline of clinical lameness development and may inform monitoring intervals after laminitis-triggering events
  • •Understanding which genes are active at different stages could guide development of more targeted therapeutic interventions rather than broad anti-inflammatory approaches
  • •Consider that some colic and laminitis cases in horses may share mechanisms with IBS in humans, potentially involving gut dysbiosis and malabsorption
  • •Be cautious with antibiotic use and post-gastroenteritis management, as disrupted microflora may increase colic/laminitis risk in susceptible horses
  • •Metabolomic biomarkers of faecal or urinary composition may help identify high-risk horses and guide preventative nutritional or probiotic interventions
  • •Early detection and aggressive management of hyperinsulinaemia should be a priority in endocrinopathic laminitis cases, as insulin itself appears causative independent of blood glucose levels
  • •Insulin resistance and resulting hyperinsulinaemia may be a critical risk factor even in apparently healthy ponies, warranting baseline insulin screening for at-risk populations
  • •This research strengthens the case for insulin-lowering strategies (diet management, exercise, medications) as primary prevention and treatment protocols for insulin-related laminitis
  • •Endothelin-1 dysregulation may be a treatable target in laminitis; understanding normal ET-1 receptor physiology in healthy feet provides a baseline for studying diseased tissue
  • •The balance between ETA (contractile) and ETB (dilatory) receptor effects suggests therapeutic modulation of either receptor subtype alone could have unintended consequences on laminar blood flow
  • •Further research in laminitic horses is critical before any clinical interventions targeting ET-1 receptors can be recommended for acute or chronic laminitis management
  • •Understanding whether laminitis involves innate or adaptive immune responses is critical for developing targeted therapeutic interventions
  • •Early detection and management of inflammatory pathways may prevent progression to clinical lameness and lamellar failure
  • •Treatment strategies should be tailored to the specific type of immune response driving lamellar inflammation
  • •Insulin resistance should be considered as a potential underlying factor in cases of laminitis, metabolic syndrome, and endotoxaemia; clinicians need better diagnostic tools to reliably assess insulin status
  • •Body condition, nutritional management, and breeding/lactation status all significantly affect insulin sensitivity and should be evaluated when assessing metabolic health in individual horses
  • •Current insulin testing has limitations; practitioners should be aware that tolerance testing and clamping techniques each have practical constraints and diagnostic accuracy considerations when selecting assessment methods
  • •Doppler ultrasound of the digital artery provides an objective, non-invasive way to monitor vascular changes in lame horses with foot disease, complementing clinical assessment
  • •Blood flow velocity and pulsatility index appear useful as markers of treatment response and disease progression, with improvements visible as early as 3-9 days post-treatment
  • •Doppler parameters may help differentiate between laminitis and septic pododermatitis (via resistive index patterns), potentially aiding diagnosis when clinical signs are ambiguous
  • •Current clinical MRI technology (3T systems) may not yet provide the microscopic resolution needed for early laminitis detection, but this technology is advancing rapidly
  • •Once clinically available, high-field MRI could enable detection of lamellar changes before clinical signs appear, potentially improving treatment outcomes
  • •This research demonstrates the theoretical feasibility of using advanced imaging to identify hoof wall pathology at the microscopic level, though clinical application remains under development
  • •Understanding the enhanced venoconstrictor sensitivity in laminar vasculature helps explain why laminitis can develop secondary to diverse systemic conditions—this isn't just an arterial problem.
  • •The heightened responsiveness of laminar veins to endothelin-1 and other vasoconstrictors suggests that conditions triggering these mediators (endotoxemia, pain, stress) may have particular relevance to laminitis development.
  • •Exercise-induced blood flow changes may be more dependent on venous control in the digit than previously appreciated, with implications for understanding why laminitis sometimes develops after work or stress.
  • •Pasture fructan content is a significant risk factor for laminitis; monitor high-fructan spring and autumn pastures closely, particularly after rapid growth periods
  • •This model enables research into laminitis pathogenesis, which may lead to better prevention and treatment strategies for working horses
  • •Consider restricting grazing time or providing alternative forage during high fructan seasons for horses with laminitis risk factors
  • •Black walnut exposure causes measurable vascular dysfunction in the laminae, providing mechanistic evidence for black walnut-induced laminitis; avoid exposure to black walnut heartwood and shavings
  • •Laminar vein dysfunction may impair blood drainage from the hoof, contributing to inflammation and pain during laminitis development; understanding this mechanism may guide future therapeutic interventions targeting venous function
  • •Selective venous dysfunction without arterial involvement suggests therapeutic targets may exist to restore venous contractility and improve outcomes in laminitis cases
  • •Hoof casts with heel wedges are more effective at unloading the dorsal wall but shift load to the quarters—best for acute laminitis when palmar structures are still weight-bearing
  • •Therapeutic shoes with unsupported toe provide moderate dorsal unloading without increasing load elsewhere—suitable for rehabilitation and regrowth phases
  • •Choice of support method should match laminitis stage: cast for acute phase, shoe for recovery and remodelling
  • •Horses with acute endotoxaemia show altered digital vascular reactivity that may contribute to laminitis development through reduced blood flow and prothrombotic mechanisms
  • •Digital endothelial dysfunction during the acute phase of endotoxaemia represents a potential therapeutic target to prevent or mitigate laminitis progression
  • •The vascular changes occur rapidly (within 3 hours) and persist despite absence of histopathological changes, suggesting functional rather than structural vascular damage in early endotoxaemia
  • •Surgically stripped hoof walls heal remarkably well when wound edges are maintained in alignment, making this a viable model for understanding lamellar pathology in laminitis
  • •The basement membrane acts as a critical biological scaffold for repair; its preservation or destruction explains the difference between normal wound healing and the chronic deformities seen in laminitis-affected lamellae
  • •Minimal postoperative lameness can be achieved with appropriate analgesia and mechanical stabilization (conforming metal plate), supporting the use of this technique for research and potentially informing therapeutic approaches to lamellar disease
  • •Understanding whether hoof wall growth is driven by cell proliferation or enzymatic remodelling is essential for developing effective laminitis prevention and treatment strategies
  • •The lamellar region's growth mechanism remains incompletely understood, limiting evidence-based approaches to managing laminitis at the tissue level
  • •Future research clarifying the dominant growth process in the lamellar region may explain why laminitis develops and suggest new therapeutic targets
  • •Standardized positioning and consistent exposure factors are essential for obtaining radiographs that allow accurate diagnosis and comparison over time
  • •Both farriers and veterinarians rely on high-quality foot radiographs to make informed decisions about trimming, shoeing, and treatment
  • •Technical proficiency in foot radiography directly impacts the quality of diagnostic information available for foot problem management
  • •Monitor older horses for clinical signs of Cushing's disease and be prepared to perform endocrine diagnostic tests when suspected
  • •Recognize that horses with Cushing's disease frequently develop laminitis and chronic infections requiring concurrent management strategies
  • •Counsel owners that Cushing's disease requires long-term medical management and is not a short-term treatment condition
  • •LDFI is technically straightforward to apply in equine practice but should not be relied upon as a clinical diagnostic tool due to poor reproducibility and high variability between measurements
  • •Skin pigmentation affects baseline readings; consider standardizing measurement sites on non-pigmented skin if the technique is used for research purposes
  • •While LDFI shows promise conceptually for studying microvascular diseases like laminitis, current evidence suggests alternative assessment methods may be more reliable for clinical decision-making
  • •Oral isoxsuprine is unlikely to be effective for navicular syndrome or laminitis in horses due to extremely poor bioavailability (2.2%) and lack of cardiovascular effects from oral dosing
  • •If considering isoxsuprine, intravenous administration may theoretically provide benefits, but the short half-life (<3 hours) and questionable clinical evidence make it a poor first-line therapeutic choice
  • •Current understanding of navicular syndrome pathogenesis has moved beyond the vasodilatory mechanism this drug targets; consider evidence-based alternatives with stronger clinical support
  • •Consider discontinuing phenylbutazone in Cushing's cases with refractory laminitis due to its adverse effects on intestinal barrier function
  • •Implement nutritional and intestinal wall healing protocols alongside conventional therapies to improve laminitis management outcomes
  • •Use multimodal treatment combining good farriery, nutrition, and complementary therapies rather than relying solely on NSAIDs
  • •Do not rely solely on radiographic findings (rotation angle or distal displacement) to predict whether a laminitic horse will recover—clinical assessment is the better prognostic indicator
  • •Horses showing distal phalangeal displacement have worse prognosis and higher mortality; this finding should inform treatment intensity and owner counselling
  • •Grade the clinical severity of laminitis carefully at presentation, as this correlates most strongly with long-term functional outcome
  • •Standing surgical procedures eliminate anesthesia risks and costs, making foot treatment more accessible for ambulatory practice and pregnant mares
  • •Patient selection based on temperament and condition type is critical; not all horses or conditions are suitable for standing procedures
  • •Understanding which foot pathologies respond well to standing surgery allows practitioners to offer clients economical treatment options without compromising outcomes
  • •Dorsal hoof wall resection should be considered as an effective treatment option for laminitis in ponies, particularly when conservative management fails, as it resulted in 100% return to soundness in this series
  • •Conservative treatment alone has limited success in laminitis cases (20% complete recovery rate); early consideration of surgical intervention may prevent prolonged lameness and euthanasia
  • •When pursuing conservative treatment, combining NSAIDs, restricted diet, box rest, and careful hoof management with packing materials offers the best chance of success, though outcomes remain guarded
  • •Black walnut exposure is a proven toxin that reliably induces laminitis in horses; prevent access to black walnut trees, hulls, and shavings as bedding or forage contamination
  • •Clinical signs (lameness, limb swelling) appear rapidly (8–12 h post-exposure), so early recognition and aggressive treatment are critical
  • •This model demonstrates that laminitis can develop without systemic shock or colic, highlighting that laminitis pathogenesis involves local laminar inflammation and epithelial damage rather than only systemic endotoxaemia
  • •Endotoxemia causes vasoconstriction in the equine digit but does not appear to be a primary mechanism in laminitis pathogenesis based on these microvascular findings
  • •The absence of increased capillary permeability or filtration during endotoxemia suggests that endotoxin alone may not directly trigger the microvascular dysfunction seen in clinical laminitis
  • •Understanding that endotoxemia affects primarily arterial resistance rather than capillary function may inform therapeutic targeting in horses with systemic infection and foot complications
  • •Understanding the vascular mechanism of laminitis pathophysiology helps inform treatment strategies focused on improving digital circulation
  • •Recognition that laminitis involves fluid accumulation in tissues suggests therapeutic approaches targeting edema reduction and vascular function may be beneficial
  • •Early intervention to prevent or reverse postcapillary vessel constriction could be critical in managing acute cases
  • •Understanding the vascular reactivity changes in laminitis may help identify therapeutic targets for managing acute laminitic episodes in clinical practice
  • •The lack of endotoxin effect on baseline vascular reactivity suggests laminitis pathophysiology involves mechanisms beyond simple endotoxin-mediated vasoconstriction
  • •Digital artery and vein reactivity patterns are consistent between limbs, indicating laminitis is a systemic vascular problem rather than localized to specific limbs
  • •Corticosteroid use in horses may increase digital vasoconstriction when circulating catecholamines are elevated (stress, pain, exercise), potentially impairing digital blood flow and contributing to laminitis risk
  • •Betamethasone poses greater laminitis risk than hydrocortisone based on its superior potentiation of vasoconstrictive responses in digital vessels
  • •Clinical vigilance is warranted when administering corticosteroids to horses, particularly those at risk for laminitis or experiencing stress-induced catecholamine release
  • •This experimental model demonstrates that high starch grain intake can reliably trigger severe laminitis within 32-48 hours, confirming the critical importance of controlling grain access and feed management to prevent acute laminitis
  • •Severe lameness (Obel grade 3) develops rapidly; early clinical signs should prompt immediate investigation of recent feed changes or accidental grain consumption
  • •Blood parameters (PCV, leukocytes, total protein) show measurable changes within 24 hours of laminitis onset, potentially aiding early detection and intervention
  • •Use radiographic examination to monitor for pedal bone rotation and assess laminitis progression in affected horses
  • •Implement metabolic management strategies early in laminitis cases to prevent laminar tissue degeneration
  • •Evaluate severity of laminar tissue damage radiographically to inform prognosis and treatment planning
  • •Reject excessive hoof growth and wide beveling protocols for Shire show horses; return to conventional trimming maintaining proper hoof-pastern axis and natural proportions (length slightly exceeding width)
  • •Use wider web shoes with white zone nail placement instead of coarse nailing through hard horn to reduce laminar stress and sheared heel development
  • •Avoid extreme lateral heel lowering procedures; prioritize structural balance and welfare over show ring appearance to prevent lameness and ligamentous injury
  • •Implement non-stretch adhesive tape binding during sandcrack treatment to prevent ground contact and reduce healing time
  • •Adopt threaded plug shoe systems for corns and puncture wounds to extend intervals between farrier visits and reduce overall owner costs
  • •Use progressive corrective shoeing protocols for foal flexor tendon weakness, starting with heel elevation before advancing to bar supports and tee-shoes
  • •Muscle-derived stem cell therapy may offer a promising treatment avenue for laminitis by reducing inflammatory damage to the dermal-epidermal interface and restoring cellular function
  • •This research supports the development of regenerative medicine approaches for laminitis, potentially offering alternatives to euthanasia in severe cases
  • •The protective mechanisms identified suggest stem cells work by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation markers, though clinical translation and efficacy studies are still needed
  • •Jejunal glucose absorption and GLP-2 secretion may contribute to post-prandial hyperinsulinaemia in horses with insulin dysregulation; dietary strategies targeting jejunal glucose handling warrant investigation
  • •This foundational work on equine intestinal GLP-2 physiology opens potential therapeutic avenues for managing insulin dysregulation and laminitis prevention through intestinal hormone modulation
  • •Further research may eventually enable targeted nutritional or pharmacological interventions at the jejunum to reduce hyperinsulinaemia risk in susceptible horses
  • •A new drug treatment (velagliflozin) may soon become available as the first registered veterinary therapy for insulin-associated laminitis, offering prevention rather than just management
  • •Risk stratification tools are being developed to identify horses at high risk of laminitis, enabling targeted preventive strategies
  • •These advances shift the paradigm from treating symptomatic laminitis toward prevention in insulin-dysregulated horses
  • •HIF-1A represents a potential therapeutic target for sepsis-related laminitis by modulating both hypoxic and inflammatory responses in the lamellae
  • •Understanding HIF-1A regulation may inform development of treatments to prevent lamellar tissue damage during systemic inflammatory episodes
  • •Further research on HIF-1A inhibition or modulation could lead to novel interventions for acute laminitis management
  • •Current farriery practices of raising palmar angle to treat laminitis may increase rather than decrease load on the dorsal lamellae, potentially causing further damage
  • •Alternative hoof care strategies for laminitis management should be reconsidered in light of these biomechanical findings
  • •Proximal laminar junction is the primary site of increased stress with increased palmar angle—monitor this region closely in treated horses
  • •Establish your own baseline radiographic measurements for your regular horses and breeds, as breed differences significantly affect founder distance and wall thickness values
  • •Use consistent radiographic technique and positioning to minimize operator error when measuring founder distance for early laminitis detection
  • •Founder distance measurements are reliable for assessing large changes in severe laminitis but may not be sensitive enough to detect subtle early changes without standardized methodology
  • •For acute laminitis cases, implement heart bar shoes with full heel support immediately and avoid any toe pressure to prevent further sole damage
  • •Address club foot early in foals using tips and heel reduction combined with exercise management—delay risks permanent joint complications
  • •Deep abscesses may need sectional hoof wall removal for complete drainage; don't shy away from aggressive treatment as horses return to work successfully with proper follow-up

Key Research Findings

Acupuncture improves outcomes in horses with laminitis (Odds Ratio = 2.254; 95% CI = 1.167-4.355)

Fikri, 2025

Acupuncture has a favorable effect on lameness scores with mean difference of -5.008 (95% CI = -8.094 to -1.923)

Fikri, 2025

Twice-weekly acupuncture for 4 consecutive weeks can ameliorate lameness scores and improve recovery potential

Fikri, 2025

Multiple acupuncture modalities including dry needling, hemo-acupuncture, aqua-acupuncture, and electroacupuncture show therapeutic benefit

Fikri, 2025

Post-operative complications occur in 17.48% of horses after elective/non-abdominal surgery and 55.62% after colic surgery (OR 6.63)

Loomes Kate, 2025

Post-operative colic is the most commonly reported morbidity at 7.45% after elective/non-abdominal surgery, rising to 26.46% after colic surgery (OR 4.11)

Loomes Kate, 2025

Seven complications (colic, surgical site complications, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis, respiratory complications) were significantly higher after colic surgery

Loomes Kate, 2025

Myopathy/neuropathy prevalence was not significantly different between colic and elective/non-abdominal surgery groups

Loomes Kate, 2025

PPID prevalence in horses aged ≥15 years is 21-27%; basal ACTH diagnostic accuracy ranges 88-92% in autumn and 70-86% in non-autumn depending on pre-test probability

Menzies-Gow Nicola J, 2024

TRH stimulation testing shows superior diagnostic accuracy (92-98% in autumn, 90-94% in non-autumn) compared to basal ACTH testing

Menzies-Gow Nicola J, 2024

Pergolide improves most clinical signs and lowers basal ACTH in majority of affected horses, but does not alter insulin dysregulation measures in most cases

Menzies-Gow Nicola J, 2024

Multiple factors including breed, latitude, diet, and coat colour significantly affect ACTH concentrations, requiring use of equivocal diagnostic ranges rather than fixed thresholds

Menzies-Gow Nicola J, 2024

Horses undergoing castration should receive intratesticular local anaesthesia and NSAIDs preoperatively, with analgesia continued for 3 days postoperatively (high certainty)

Bowen I M, 2020

Butorphanol and buprenorphine are not appropriate as sole analgesics for castration procedures (high certainty)

Bowen I M, 2020

Phenylbutazone provides superior analgesia compared to meloxicam and firocoxib for hoof pain and laminitis (moderate certainty)

Bowen I M, 2020

Evidence Base

Effectiveness of acupuncture for equine laminitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Fikri, Purnomo, Maslamama et al. (2025) — Veterinary world

Systematic Review

A systematic review of the prevalence of post-operative complications after general anaesthesia in adult horses (2000-2023).

Loomes Kate, de Grauw Janny, Gozalo-Marcilla Miguel et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Systematic Review

BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.

Menzies-Gow Nicola J, Banse Heidi E, Duff Aimi et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Systematic Review

BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Analgesia.

Bowen I M, Redpath A, Dugdale A et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Systematic Review

Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: A systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors.

Ireland J L, McGowan C M (2018) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Systematic Review

Collaboration as a key feature of equine evidence-based research: a laminitis case study.

C. Wylie (2017) — Verbum Et Ecclesia

Systematic Review

The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation.

Bertin F R, de Laat M A (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Systematic Review

Effect of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase agonists on insulin and glucose dynamics in experimentally induced insulin dysregulation in horses.

Pinnell Erin F, Hostnik Laura D, Watts Mauria R et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

RCT

Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization.

Peixoto Rabelo Isabela, Barroco de Paula Vanessa, Carvalho Bustamante Caio et al. (2023) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

Continuous digital hypothermia prevents lamellar failure in the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp model of equine laminitis.

Stokes S M, Belknap J K, Engiles J B et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Sweet taste receptor inhibitors: Potential treatment for equine insulin dysregulation.

de Laat Melody Anne, Kheder Murad Hasan, Pollitt Christopher Charles et al. (2018) — PloS one

RCT

Differential effects of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on fecal microbiota in adult horses.

Whitfield-Cargile Canaan M, Chamoun-Emanuelli Ana M, Cohen Noah D et al. (2018) — PloS one

RCT

Delivery and evaluation of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors in the equine distal extremity for the treatment of laminitis.

Mason J B, Gurda B L, Van Wettere A et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Microdialysis measurements of equine lamellar perfusion and energy metabolism in response to physical and pharmacological manipulations of blood flow.

Medina-Torres C E, Underwood C, Pollitt C C et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Effects of a supplement containing chromium and magnesium on morphometric measurements, resting glucose, insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses.

Chameroy K A, Frank N, Elliott S B et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses.

de Laat, McGowan, Sillence et al. (2010) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Effect of intravenous lidocaine administration on laminar inflammation in the black walnut extract model of laminitis.

Williams J M, Lin Y J, Loftus J P et al. (2010) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

The Effect of Seasonal Changes in Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Pasture on the Metabolic Profile of Horses with Laminitis

Eva Mlyneková, Stanislav Zaťko, Marko Halo et al. (2026) — Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Plasma Activin A concentrations are not a useful biomarker for detecting insulin dysregulation and predicting laminitis risk in ponies.

McGuire C J, Knowles E J, Harris P A et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Investigations on metabolic diseases of horses in Egypt.

Aboelmaaty Amal M, Ahdy Ahmed M, El-Khodery Sabry et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study
Show 261 more references

Evaluation of an Automated Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay for Quantification of Equine Insulin and Comparison to Five Other Immunoassays.

Nolen-Walston Rose D, Kulp Jeaneen C, Stefanovski Darko et al. (2025) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Radiographic measurements of Miniature Horse and Miniature Pony Feet.

Olijnyk J M, Hosgood G, Richardson J et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Risk factors for equine strangulating lipoma colic: An international, case-control study.

Gillen Alexandra, Hassel Diana, Gonzalez Sam et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Quantitative proteomics unveils potential plasma biomarkers and provides insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying equine metabolic syndrome.

Espinosa-L&#xf3;pez E M, Ortiz-Guisado B, Diez de Castro E et al. (2025) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Association Between Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Concentration and Clinical Signs of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction in Swiss and Austrian Equids.

Fouch&#xe9; Nathalie, Doras Camille, Sch&#xfc;pbach-Regula Gertraud et al. (2025) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Risk factors for strangulating lipoma obstruction and lipomata in horses.

Gillen Alex, Hassel Diana, Gonzalez Sam W et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Horses with previous episodes of laminitis have altered insulin responses to seasonal oral sugar testing and grazing compared to horses with no known history of laminitis.

Kaufman K L, Suagee-Bedore J K, Johnson S E et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Survival rates and factors associated with survival and laminitis of horses with acute diarrhoea admitted to referral institutions.

Gomez Diego E, Dunkel Bettina, Renaud David L et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Diagnostic approaches, aetiological agents and their associations with short-term survival and laminitis in horses with acute diarrhoea admitted to referral institutions.

Gomez Diego E, Arroyo Luis G, Schoster Angelika et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Prolonged hyperinsulinemia increases the production of inflammatory cytokines in equine digital lamellae but not in striated muscle.

Jayathilake W M N K, de Laat M A, Furr M et al. (2024) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Plasma concentration of serum amyloid A and lipopolysaccharide binding protein in horses with laminitis resulted from hindgut acidosis.

Safaee Firouzabadi Mohammad Sadegh, Paidar Ardakani Amin (2024) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Factors associated with insulin responses to oral sugars in a mixed-breed cohort of ponies.

Knowles Edward J, Harris Patricia A, Elliott Jonathan et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Epidemiological investigation of insulin dysregulation in Shetland and Welsh ponies in Australia.

Clark Brianna L, Norton Elaine M, Bamford Nicholas J et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disease conditions in Connemara ponies in Ireland.

Al-Ansari Ahmed Saleh, Golding Emma, Walshe Nicola et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Evaluation of field-testing protocols to diagnose insulin dysregulation in ponies using a Bayesian approach.

Clark B L, Stewart A J, Kemp K L et al. (2023) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Occurrence of equine metabolic syndrome, clinical manifestations, and associated risk factors in Nigeria

O. Akinniyi, A. Sackey, G. E. Ochube et al. (2023) — Journal of Equine Science

Cohort Study

Histological comparison of the lamellar tissue of Iberian origin breed horses created in semi-feral conditions or in an intensive system.

Malacarne Bruno Dondoni, Martins Rodrigo Ribeiro, Paz Cahu&#xea; Francisco Rosa et al. (2023) — PloS one

Cohort Study

Predictors of laminitis development in a cohort of nonlaminitic ponies.

Knowles Edward J, Elliott Jonathan, Harris Patricia A et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Plasma Amino Acid Concentration in Obese Horses with/without Insulin Dysregulation and Laminitis.

Stoeckle Sabita Diana, Timmermann Detlef, Merle Roswitha et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Fecal microbiota of horses with colitis and its association with laminitis and survival during hospitalization.

Ayoub Cosette, Arroyo Luis G, MacNicol Jennifer L et al. (2022) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence of and factors associated with laminitis in UK donkeys.

Menzies-Gow Nicola J, Wakeel Frederica, Little Holly et al. (2021) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The effect of regional hypothermia on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the equine distal forelimb.

Rainger J E, Wardius S, Medina-Torres C E et al. (2021) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Equine metabolic syndrome in UK native ponies and cobs is highly prevalent with modifiable risk factors.

Carslake Harry B, Pinchbeck Gina L, McGowan Catherine M (2021) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Changes of microbial and metabolome of the equine hindgut during oligofructose-induced laminitis.

Tuniyazi Maimaiti, He Junying, Guo Jian et al. (2021) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Effect of digital hypothermia on lamellar inflammatory signaling in the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp laminitis model.

Stokes Simon M, Burns Teresa A, Watts Mauria R et al. (2020) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

The changes of inflammatory mediators and vasoactive substances in dairy cows' plasma with pasture-associated laminitis.

Zhang Xianhao, Ding Jiafeng, Li Yuepeng et al. (2020) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Characterization of Oligofructose-Induced Acute Rumen Lactic Acidosis and the Appearance of Laminitis in Zebu Cattle.

Sousa Rejane Dos Santos, Oliveira Francisco Leonardo Costa de, Dias Mailson Rennan Borges et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

The effect of continuous digital hypothermia on lamellar energy metabolism and perfusion during laminitis development in two experimental models.

Stokes Simon M, Bertin Francois-Rene, Stefanovski Darko et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Insulin dysregulation in a population of Finnhorses and associated phenotypic markers of obesity.

Box Justin R, McGowan Cathy M, Raekallio Marja R et al. (2020) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Can Endocrine Dysfunction Be Reliably Tested in Aged Horses That Are Experiencing Pain?

Gehlen Heidrun, Jaburg Nina, Merle Roswitha et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Validity and application of immunoturbidimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of adiponectin concentration in ponies.

Menzies-Gow N J, Knowles E J, Rogers I et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Identification of modifiable factors associated with owner-reported equine laminitis in Britain using a web-based cohort study approach.

Pollard D, Wylie C E, Verheyen K L P et al. (2019) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Association between hyperinsulinaemia and laminitis severity at the time of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis.

Tadros E M, Fowlie J G, Refsal K R et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Insulin Resistance as a Result of Body Condition Categorized as Thin, Moderate, and Obese in Domesticated U.S. Donkeys (Equus asinus).

Pritchard Abby, Nielsen Brian, McLean Amy et al. (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Incidence and clinical signs of owner-reported equine laminitis in a cohort of horses and ponies in Great Britain.

Pollard D, Wylie C E, Newton J R et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation in horses diagnosed with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.

Horn R, Bamford N J, Afonso T et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The oral glucose test predicts laminitis risk in ponies fed a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates.

Meier, de Laat, Reiche et al. (2018) — Domestic animal endocrinology

Cohort Study

Microbiome and Blood Analyte Differences Point to Community and Metabolic Signatures in Lean and Obese Horses.

Biddle Amy S, Tomb Jean-Francois, Fan Zirui (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Lower plasma trans-4-hydroxyproline and methionine sulfoxide levels are associated with insulin dysregulation in horses.

Ken&#xe9;z &#xc1;kos, Warnken Tobias, Feige Karsten et al. (2018) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Laminitis in Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

Johnson Philip J. (2017) — Equine Laminitis

Cohort Study

Experimental Models of Laminitis: Black Walnut Extract

Peroni John F. (2017) — Equine Laminitis

Cohort Study

Does oral prednisolone treatment increase the incidence of acute laminitis?

Jordan V J, Ireland J L, Rendle D I (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Assessment of horse owners' ability to recognise equine laminitis: A cross-sectional study of 93 veterinary diagnosed cases in Great Britain.

Pollard D, Wylie C E, Verheyen K L P et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Decision-tree analysis of clinical data to aid diagnostic reasoning for equine laminitis: a cross-sectional study.

Wylie C E, Shaw D J, Verheyen K L P et al. (2016) — The Veterinary record

Cohort Study

Prophylactic digital cryotherapy is associated with decreased incidence of laminitis in horses diagnosed with colitis.

Kullmann, Holcombe, Hurcombe et al. (2015) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based investigation of the lamellar interstitial metabolome in healthy horses and during experimental laminitis induction.

Medina-Torres C E, van Eps A W, Nielsen L K et al. (2015) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Clinical Research Abstracts of the British Equine Veterinary Association Congress 2015.

Hammersley E, Duz M, Marshall J F (2015) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Plasma fructosamine concentrations in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction with and without laminitis.

Knowles E J, Menzies-Gow N J, Mair T S (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Seasonal and annual influence on insulin and cortisol results from overnight dexamethasone suppression tests in normal ponies and ponies predisposed to laminitis.

Borer-Weir, Menzies-Gow, Bailey et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Repeatability of the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test and the effect of a stressor before testing in horses of 2 breeds.

Br&#xf6;jer J, Lind&#xe5;se S, Hedenskog J et al. (2013) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Return to use and performance following exploratory celiotomy for colic in horses: 195 cases (2003-2010).

Davis W, Fogle C A, Gerard M P et al. (2013) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

A cohort study of equine laminitis in Great Britain 2009-2011: estimation of disease frequency and description of clinical signs in 577 cases.

Wylie C E, Collins S N, Verheyen K L P et al. (2013) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Relationships between body condition score and plasma inflammatory cytokines, insulin, and lipids in a mixed population of light-breed horses.

Suagee J K, Corl B A, Crisman M V et al. (2013) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Distribution of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the digital laminae of mixed-breed ponies: an immunohistochemical study.

Burns T A, Watts M R, Weber P S et al. (2013) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Clinical and clinicopathological factors associated with survival in 44 horses with equine neorickettsiosis (Potomac horse Fever).

Bertin F R, Reising A, Slovis N M et al. (2013) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Equine laminitis: comparative histopathology 48 hours after experimental induction with insulin or alimentary oligofructose in standardbred horses.

de Laat, van Eps, McGowan et al. (2012) — Journal of comparative pathology

Cohort Study

Increased plasma fructosamine concentrations in laminitic horses.

Knowles, Withers, Mair (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The timeline of lamellar basement membrane changes during equine laminitis development.

Visser M B, Pollitt C C (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Laminar inflammatory gene expression in the carbohydrate overload model of equine laminitis.

Leise B S, Faleiros R R, Watts M et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Equine neutrophil elastase in plasma, laminar tissue, and skin of horses administered black walnut heartwood extract.

de la Rebi&#xe8;re de Pouyade, Riggs, Moore et al. (2010) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology

Cohort Study

In vivo and in vitro evidence of the involvement of CXCL1, a keratinocyte-derived chemokine, in equine laminitis.

Faleiros R R, Leise B B, Westerman T et al. (2009) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Thromboxane and isoprostanes as inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in black walnut heartwood extract induced equine laminitis.

Noschka, Moore, Peroni et al. (2009) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology

Cohort Study

Effects of low-dose oligofructose treatment administered via nasogastric intubation on induction of laminitis and associated alterations in glucose and insulin dynamics in horses.

Kalck, Frank, Elliott et al. (2009) — American journal of veterinary research

Cohort Study

Effects of endotoxaemia and carbohydrate overload on glucose and insulin dynamics and the development of laminitis in horses.

T&#xf3;th F, Frank N, Chameroy K A et al. (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Retrospective study of the clinical features of limb cellulitis in 63 horses.

Fjordbakk C T, Arroyo L G, Hewson J (2008) — The Veterinary record

Cohort Study

Retrospective analysis of exploratory laparotomies in 192 Andalusian horses and 276 horses of other breeds.

Mu&#xf1;oz E, Arg&#xfc;elles D, Areste L et al. (2008) — The Veterinary record

Cohort Study

Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis.

Bailey, Habershon-Butcher, Ransom et al. (2008) — American journal of veterinary research

Cohort Study

10.1093/jn/136.7.2090S.

Kronfeld, Treiber, Hess et al. (2006) — The Journal of nutrition

Cohort Study

Fructan content in pasture grasses

Gräßler J, von Borstel U (2005) — Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine

Cohort Study

Increased expression of MAIL, a cytokine-associated nuclear protein, in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis.

Waguespack R W, Kemppainen R J, Cochran A et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Biochemical indices of vascular function, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in horses with equine Cushing's disease.

Keen J A, McLaren M, Chandler K J et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

In vitro and in vivo studies of homocysteine in equine tissues: implications for the pathophysiology of laminitis.

Berhane Y, Bailey S R, Harris P A et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

[The effect of a treatment protocol on the prognosis of equine laminitis].

Oosterlaan-Mayer, Back, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan (2003) — Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde

Cohort Study

Efficacy of trilostane for the treatment of equine Cushing's syndrome.

McGowan C M, Neiger R (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Equine laminitis: its development coincides with increased sublamellar blood flow.

Pollitt, Davies (1999) — Equine veterinary journal. Supplement

Cohort Study

Digital vascular responses and permeability in equine alimentary laminitis.

Robinson, Scott, Dabney et al. (1976) — American journal of veterinary research

Cohort Study

Castration and other factors affecting the risk of equine laminitis.

Dorn, Garner, Coffman et al. (1975) — The Cornell veterinarian

Cohort Study

Cannabinoid and cannabinoid related receptors in fibroblasts, inflammatory and endothelial cells of the equine hoof with and without laminitis: novel pharmacological target.

Zamith Cunha Rodrigo, Gobbo Francesca, Morini Maria et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Cyclooxygenase-2 and von Willebrand factor-an immunohistochemical study of the equine foot with and without laminitis, post-mortem perfused with paraffin oil.

Underberg Bianca A, Van der Vekens Elke, Drews Barbara et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Ethylene glycol toxicosis in 39 sport horses following ingestion of contaminated water: A case report.

Daradics Zs, Bung&#x103;rdean D, Lup&#x219;an A F et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Detection of Neorickettsia risticii in antemortem fecal and postmortem fetal samples, with genomic insights from complete genome sequencing of a strain recovered from an aborted equine fetus.

Tirth Uprety, Jacob Durazo, Litty Paul et al. (2025) — Veterinary microbiology

Case Report

Use of extracorporeal hemoperfusion therapy in an adult horse with Clostridioides difficile colitis and severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Hobbs Kallie J, Le Sueur Andre N V, Hallowell Kimberly et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Case Report

Multicentric lymphoma in a donkey with intestinal and bone marrow involvement.

Paraschou Georgios, Xue Cynthia, Egan Rebecca et al. (2024) — BMC veterinary research

Case Report

Radiological measurements of the feet of normal Straight Egyptian Arabian horses in Qatar.

Jacquinet Gautier, Rowan Conor, Ryan Jackie et al. (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Closed laceration of the trachea, esophagus and guttural pouches in a mare caused by blunt trauma.

Lopes M A F, Hollenbach E, Schliewert E C et al. (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Clinical application of the wooden shoe to complement surgical management of laminitis and other foot‐related disease in the horse: A report of three cases

Torrent‐Crosa Albert, Kamus Louis, O'Grady Stephen E. (2023) — Equine Veterinary Education

Case Report

Diagnosis of Potomac horse fever (syn. equine neorickettsiosis) in 2 foals in southwestern Ontario.

Rosalie Fortin-Trahan, E. Sjolin, A. Lack et al. (2023) — The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne

Case Report

The PTP1B inhibitor MSI-1436 ameliorates liver insulin sensitivity by modulating autophagy, ER stress and systemic inflammation in Equine metabolic syndrome affected horses

Lynda Bourebaba, Anna Serwotka-Suszczak, Ariadna Pielok et al. (2023) — Frontiers in Endocrinology

Case Report

Use of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin for control of refractory equine hyperinsulinemia and laminitis

E. Kellon, K. Gustafson (2022) — Open Veterinary Journal

Case Report

Management of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in practice: A clinical audit.

Steel N L, Ireland J L, McGowan C M (2022) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Case Report

Presence of Myeloperoxidase in Lamellar Tissue of Horses Induced by an Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemic Clamp.

Storms Nazare, Medina Torres Carlos, Franck Thierry et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Risk factors for laminitis and nonsurvival in acute colitis: Retrospective study of 85 hospitalized horses (2011-2019).

Luethy Daniela, Feldman Rose, Stefanovski Darko et al. (2021) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Case Report

Evaluation of infrared thermography, force platform and filmed locomotion score as non-invasive diagnostic methods for acute laminitis in zebu cattle.

Sousa Rejane Dos Santos, de Oliveira Francisco Leonardo Costa, Dias Mailson Rennan Borges et al. (2020) — PloS one

Case Report

A Farrier Making Every Contact Count: A Microlevel Analysis of Farrier-Client Interaction for Partnership Working in Managing a Horse With Laminitis.

Jenny Lynden, T. Hollands, J. Ogden (2020) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Changes of microbiota and metabolome of the equine hindgut during oligofructose-induced laminitis

Tuniyazi. Maimaiti, Junying He, Jian Guo et al. (2020)

Case Report

The expression of equine keratins K42 and K124 is restricted to the hoof epidermal lamellae of Equus caballus.

Armstrong Caitlin, Cassimeris Lynne, Da Silva Santos Claire et al. (2019) — PloS one

Case Report

The influence of trimming of the hoof wall on the damage of laminar tissue after loading: An in vitro study.

Moeller S, Patan-Zugaj B, D&#xe4;ullary T et al. (2019) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Case Report

Treatment of Hydropsical Conditions Using Transcervical Gradual Fetal Fluid Drainage in Mares With or Without Concurrent Abdominal Wall Disease.

Diel de Amorim Mariana, Chenier Tracey S, Card Claire et al. (2018) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome: A clinical case series.

Morgan R A, Keen J A, McGowan C M (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Lamellar pathology in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.

Karikoski N P, Patterson-Kane J C, Singer E R et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Prevalence of supporting limb laminitis in a UK equine practice and referral hospital setting between 2005 and 2013: implications for future epidemiological studies.

Wylie C E, Newton J R, Bathe A P et al. (2015) — The Veterinary record

Case Report

Quantitative assessment of the equine hoof using digital radiography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Grundmann I N M, Drost W T, Zekas L J et al. (2015) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Comparative proteomics analysis provide novel insight into laminitis in Chinese Holstein cows.

Dong Shu-Wei, Zhang Shi-Dong, Wang Dong-Sheng et al. (2015) — BMC veterinary research

Case Report

Hyperinsulinaemia increases vascular resistance and endothelin-1 expression in the equine digit.

Gauff F, Patan-Zugaj B, Licka T F (2013) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Impact of laminitis on the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in basal epithelial cells of the equine digital laminae.

Wang Le, Pawlak Erica A, Johnson Philip J et al. (2013) — PloS one

Case Report

Presence of mononuclear cells in normal and affected laminae from the black walnut extract model of laminitis.

Faleiros, Nuovo, Flechtner et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic study of early time point laminitis in an oligofructose-overload model.

Keller M D, Pollitt C C, Marx U C (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Evaluation of the possible role of prostaglandin F(2 alpha) in laminitis induced in horses by nasogastric administration of black walnut heartwood extract.

Noschka, Moore, Peroni et al. (2010) — American journal of veterinary research

Case Report

Equine laminitis model: lamellar histopathology seven days after induction with oligofructose.

Van Eps A W, Pollitt C C (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Laminitis (Founder)

POLLITT C (2008) — Equine Emergencies

Case Report

Determination of the source of increased serotonin (5-HT) concentrations in blood and peritoneal fluid of colic horses with compromised bowel.

Delesalle C, van de Walle G R, Nolten C et al. (2008) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset.

Kyaw-Tanner M T, Wattle O, van Eps A W et al. (2008) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Equine laminitis: ultrastructural lesions detected 24-30 hours after induction with oligofructose.

Nourian A R, Baldwin G I, van Eps A W et al. (2007) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: a retrospective study of 32 cases.

Alward Ashley, Corriher Candice A, Barton Michelle H et al. (2006) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Case Report

Role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in differentiating motor nervous tract disorders from other causes of recumbency in four horses and one donkey.

Nollet H, Vanschandevijl K, Van Ham L et al. (2005) — The Veterinary record

Case Report

Equine laminitis: cleavage of laminin 5 associated with basement membrane dysadhesion.

French K R, Pollitt C C (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Equine laminitis: cryotherapy reduces the severity of the acute lesion.

van Eps A W, Pollitt C C (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Endotoxin-induced digital vasoconstriction in horses: associated changes in plasma concentrations of vasoconstrictor mediators.

Menzies-Gow N J, Bailey S R, Katz L M et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in equine laminitis.

Johnson P J, Ganjam V K, Slight S H et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Equine laminitis: loss of hemidesmosomes in hoof secondary epidermal lamellae correlates to dose in an oligofructose induction model: an ultrastructural study.

French K R, Pollitt C C (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase.

Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt C C (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Black walnut induced laminitis.

Thomsen, Davis, Rush (2000) — Veterinary and human toxicology

Case Report

Glyceryl trinitrate enhances nitric oxide mediated perfusion within the equine hoof.

Hinckley, Fearn, Howard et al. (1997) — The Journal of endocrinology

Case Report

Digital Starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis induced by an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) in horses.

Eaton, Allen, Eades et al. (1996) — American journal of veterinary research

Case Report

Effect of an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) on isolated equine digital vessels.

Galey, Beasley, Schaeffer et al. (1990) — American journal of veterinary research

Case Report

Light and electron microscopy of keratinization in the laminar epidermis of the equine hoof with reference to laminitis.

Budras, Hullinger, Sack (1989) — American journal of veterinary research

Case Report

The pathogenesis and treatment of osteomyelitis and laminitis in a stallion after the prolonged topical application of formalin to the distal phalanx.

Dart, Pascoe (1988) — Australian veterinary journal

Case Report

Effect of dorsopalmar projection obliquity on radiographic measurement of distal phalangeal rotation angle in horses with laminitis.

Koblik, O'Brien, Coyne (1988) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Case Report

Ultrastructural study of the equine cecum during onset of laminitis.

Krueger, Kinden, Garner et al. (1986) — American journal of veterinary research

Case Report

Equine laminitis caused by distal displacement of the distal phalanx: 12 cases (1976-1985).

Baxter (1986) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Case Report

Treatment with ertugliflozin mitigates the hyperinsulinemic response to intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide.

Page Allen E, McPeek Jenna L, McGreevy Ella et al. (2026) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

How to perform a venogram of the equine foot.

Amy Santonastaso, Travis Burns, Elaine F Claffey (2026) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Expert Opinion

Exercise as a welfare strategy? Insights from horse (Equus caballus) owners in the UK

C. J. Naydani, Tamsin Coombs (2025) — Animal Welfare

Expert Opinion

SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION OF WELFARE STANDARDS FOR THERAPEUTIC HORSES IN EQUINE-ASSISTED THERAPY IN UKRAINE

K. Bielikova, Sofia Haidamaka, Nataliia Zhurbina (2025) — The Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine

Expert Opinion

Prevalence and Perceived Effects of Enrichment Elements in Outdoor Areas on the Behavior and Welfare of Group-Housed Horses

Nicole Miggitsch, C. J. Naydani, Bryony E. Lancaster (2025) — International Journal of Equine Science

Expert Opinion

Sodium-glucose transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in equine renal, hepatic and pancreatic tissue.

Anger-H&#xe5;&#xe5;l Camilla, Fjordbakk Cathrine T, Ekstrand Carl et al. (2025) — BMC veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Implementation of weight clinics: a targeted approach to managing equine obesity

Saul Anna (2025) — UK-Vet Equine

Expert Opinion

Effect of intra-arterial cisplatin on dorsal hoof wall tissue of isolated perfused equine limbs.

Reinthaler B, Gabner S, Apprich V et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of insulin dysregulation in horses

Olumide Odunayo Akinniyi (2024) — Nutrition and Food Processing

Expert Opinion

Equine metabolic syndrome

A. Cristian, A. Dutulescu, M. Codreanu (2024) — Practica Veterinara.ro

Expert Opinion

Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review.

Pratt-Phillips Shannon (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Retirement risk factors, exercise management and muscle mass in US senior horses.

Herbst Alisa C, Coleman Michelle C, Macon Erica L et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The Fibre Requirements of Horses and the Consequences and Causes of Failure to Meet Them.

Ermers Colette, McGilchrist Nerida, Fenner Kate et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Visual Assessment of Adiposity in Elite Hunter Ponies.

Pratt-Phillips S, Munjizun A, Janicki K (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings-Part 1.

Castro-Mesa Andr&#xe9;s Felipe, Resende Faleiros Rafael, Mart&#xed;nez-Aranzales Jos&#xe9; Ram&#xf3;n (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses.

Pratt-Phillips Shannon, Munjizun Ahmad (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Shoe configuration effects on third phalanx and capsule motion of unaffected and laminitic equine hooves in-situ.

Aoun Rita, Charles Iyana, DeRouen Abigail et al. (2023) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Equine Metabolic Syndrome: A Complex Disease Influenced by Multifactorial Genetic Factors

M. Stefaniuk-Szmukier, K. Piórkowska, K. Ropka-Molik (2023) — Genes

Expert Opinion

The influence of equine hoof conformation on the initiation and progression of laminitis.

Akbari Shahkhosravi, Kakavand, Davies et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Equine metabolic syndrome: Role of the enteroinsular axis in the insulin response to oral carbohydrate.

de Laat Melody A, Fitzgerald Danielle M (2023) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Hoof wall separation disease: A Review.

Finno Carrie J (2022) — Equine veterinary education

Expert Opinion

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses

Kirkwood Naomi C., Hughes Kristopher J., Stewart Allison J. (2022) — Veterinary Sciences

Expert Opinion

Factors Affecting Survival and Future Foaling Rates in Thoroughbred Mares with Hydrops.

Lemonnier Louise C, Wolfsdorf Karen E, Kreutzfeldt Nicole et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Withaferin A Inhibits Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst and Promotes Timely Neutrophil Apoptosis.

Bayless Rosemary L, Sheats M Katie, Jones Samuel L (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Evaluation of the combined glucose-insulin and intravenous glucose tolerance tests for insulin dysregulation diagnosis in donkeys.

Mendoza Francisco Javier, Mejia-Moreira Sebastian, Buchanan Ben R et al. (2022) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The Equine Hoof: Laminitis, Progenitor (Stem) Cells, and Therapy Development.

Yang, Lopez (2022) — Toxicologic pathology

Expert Opinion

Equine Hoof Stem Progenitor Cells (HPC) CD29&#x2009;+&#x2009;/Nestin&#x2009;+&#x2009;/K15&#x2009;+&#x2009;- a Novel Dermal/epidermal Stem Cell Population With a Potential Critical Role for Laminitis Treatment.

Marycz, Pielok, Kornicka-Garbowska (2022) — Stem cell reviews and reports

Expert Opinion

The Differences in Histoarchitecture of Hoof Lamellae between Obese and Lean Draft Horses.

Senderska-P&#x142;onowska Magdalena, Siwi&#x144;ska Natalia, Zak-Bochenek Agnieszka et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Effect of single and double hemitenotomy on equine deep digital flexor tendon length and strength in experimental load challenges.

Zetterstr&#xf6;m Sandra M, Boone Lindsey H, Farag Ramsis et al. (2022) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Expert Opinion

The Usefulness of Mesenchymal Stem Cells beyond the Musculoskeletal System in Horses.

Cequier Alina, Sanz Carmen, Rodellar Clementina et al. (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Translating research into practice: Adoption of endocrine diagnostic testing in cases of equine laminitis.

Ireland J L, McGowan C M (2021) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Effects of Juglone on Neutrophil Degranulation and Myeloperoxidase Activity Related to Equine Laminitis.

Mouithys-Mickalad Ange, Storms Nazar&#xe9;, Franck Thierry et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Dockalova Hana, Zeman Ladislav, Horky Pavel (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Pharmacology of the Equine Foot: Medical Pain Management for Laminitis.

K. Hopster, B. Driessen (2021) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

The Effect of Uterine Lavage on Soluble CD14, Chemokine Ligand 2, and Interleukin 10 Levels in Mares With Postpartum Metritis.

Tukia Elina, Wagner Bettina, Vainio Kirsi et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

UK Horse Carers' Experiences of Restricting Grazing When Aiming to Prevent Health Issues in Their Horses.

Cameron Amelia, Harris Pat, Longland Annette et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

COVID-19 impacts equine welfare: Policy implications for laminitis and obesity.

Ward Ashley B, Stephen Kate, Argo Caroline McGregor et al. (2021) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Effect of sugar metabolite methylglyoxal on equine lamellar explants: An ex vivo model of laminitis.

Vercelli Cristina, Tursi Massimiliano, Miretti Silvia et al. (2021) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome in Donkeys.

Gehlen Heidrun, Schwarz Bianca, Bartmann Claus et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Ex vivo effects of insulin on the structural integrity of equine digital lamellae.

Sandow C, Fugler L A, Leise B et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

From Table&#xa0;to Stable: A Comparative Review of Selected Aspects of Human and Equine Metabolic Syndrome.

Ragno Valentina M, Zello Gordon A, Klein Colby D et al. (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Effects of silymarin on p65 NF-&#x3ba;B, p38 MAPK and CYP450 in LPS-induced hoof dermal inflammatory cells of dairy cows.

Tian Meng-Yue, Fan Jing-Hui, Zhuang Zhi-Wei et al. (2019) — BMC veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Cooling and Cryopreservation of Equine Platelet-Rich Plasma With Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Trehalose.

Kwirant Liomara Andressa do Amaral, De La Corte Fl&#xe1;vio Desessards, Cantarelli Camila et al. (2019) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Pain management for laminitis in the horse

Hopster K., van Eps A. W. (2019) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

Are There Shared Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Different Clinical Forms of Laminitis and What Are the Implications for Prevention and Treatment?

van Eps, Burns (2019) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Characterization of the Prevalence and Management of Over-Conditioned Ponies and Horses in Maryland.

Jaqueth Aubrey L, Iwaniuk Marie E, Burk Amy O (2018) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Effect of varying the dose of corn syrup on the insulin and glucose response to the oral sugar test.

Jocelyn N A, Harris P A, Menzies-Gow N J (2018) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Glucagon-like peptide-2: A potential role in equine insulin dysregulation.

de Laat M A, Fitzgerald D M, Sillence M N et al. (2018) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Paradigm shifts in understanding equine laminitis.

Patterson-Kane, Karikoski, McGowan (2018) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Contracting for care - the construction of the farrier role in supporting horse owners to prevent laminitis.

Lynden J, Ogden J, Hollands T (2018) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Pain management for laminitis in the horse

K. Hopster, A. V. Eps (2018) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

Misoprostol Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Equine Leukocytes.

Martin Emily Medlin, Messenger Kristen M, Sheats Mary Katherine et al. (2017) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Martin Emily Medlin, Till Rebecca Louise, Sheats Mary Katherine et al. (2017) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

An update on equine laminitis

L. M. Laskoski, C. A. A. Valadão, R. L. Dittrich et al. (2016) — Ciencia Rural

Expert Opinion

Systematic pain assessment in horses.

de Grauw J C, van Loon J P A M (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

A Survey on Transport Management Practices Associated with Injuries and Health Problems in Horses.

Padalino Barbara, Raidal Sharanne L, Hall Evelyn et al. (2016) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Equine metabolic syndrome.

Morgan, Keen, McGowan (2016) — The Veterinary record

Expert Opinion

Osteopathology in the Equine Distal Phalanx Associated With the Development and Progression of Laminitis.

Engiles, Galantino-Homer, Boston et al. (2016) — Veterinary pathology

Expert Opinion

The suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx in normal horses.

Pollitt C C, Collins S N (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Intraosseous infusion of the distal phalanx compared to systemic intravenous infusion for marimastat delivery to equine lamellar tissue.

Underwood Claire, Collins Simon N, van Eps Andrew W et al. (2015) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

The impact of prolonged hyperinsulinaemia on glucose transport in equine skeletal muscle and digital lamellae.

de Laat M A, Clement C K, Sillence M N et al. (2015) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Use of laser capture microdissection for the assessment of equine lamellar basal epithelial cell signalling in the early stages of laminitis.

Leise B S, Watts M R, Roy S et al. (2015) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Clinical Research Abstracts of the British Equine Veterinary Association Congress 2015.

Martin Gim&#xe9;nez T, Aguirre Pascasio C N, de Blas Giral I (2015) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

A review of equine sepsis.

Taylor S (2015) — Equine veterinary education

Expert Opinion

Concentration Dependent Influence of Lipopolysaccharides on Separation of Hoof Explants and Supernatant Lactic Acid Concentration in an Ex Vivo/In Vitro Laminitis Model.

Reisinger Nicole, Schaumberger Simone, Nagl Veronika et al. (2015) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: current perspectives on diagnosis and management

Spelta Caroline (2015) — Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports

Expert Opinion

Ultrafiltration of equine digital lamellar tissue.

Underwood Claire, Collins Simon N, van Eps Andrew W et al. (2014) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Equine lamellar energy metabolism studied using tissue microdialysis.

Medina-Torres C E, Pollitt C C, Underwood C et al. (2014) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Vasorelaxation responses to insulin in laminar vessel rings from healthy, lean horses.

Wooldridge A A, Waguespack R W, Schwartz D D et al. (2014) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Insulin dysregulation.

Frank N, Tadros E M (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Short-term incubation of equine laminar veins with cortisol and insulin alters contractility in vitro: possible implications for the pathogenesis of equine laminitis.

Keen, McGorum, Hillier et al. (2014) — Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics

Expert Opinion

Pain control in horses: what do we really know?

Sanchez L C, Robertson S A (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Wheat germ agglutinin as a counterstain for immunofluorescence studies of equine hoof lamellae

R. Clark, H. Galantino-Homer (2014) — Experimental Dermatology

Expert Opinion

Fructokinase, Fructans, Intestinal Permeability, and Metabolic Syndrome: An Equine Connection?

Johnson Richard J, Rivard Chris, Lanaspa Miguel A et al. (2013) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Equine imaging: the framework for applying therapeutic farriery.

Eggleston (2013) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

An in vitro model of the horse gut microbiome enables identification of lactate-utilizing bacteria that differentially respond to starch induction.

Biddle Amy S, Black Samuel J, Blanchard Jeffrey L (2013) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Insulin resistance in equine digital vessel rings: an in vitro model to study vascular dysfunction in equine laminitis.

Venugopal, Eades, Holmes et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Acupuncture Points of the Horse's Distal Thoracic Limb: A Neuroanatomic Approach to the Transposition of Traditional Points.

Lancaster Lisa S, Bowker Robert M (2012) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome in Horses

Philip Johnson, C. Wiedmeyer, A. Lacarrubba et al. (2012) — Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

Expert Opinion

Glucose transport in the equine hoof.

Asplin K E, Curlewis J D, McGowan C M et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Radiological anatomy of the donkey's foot: objective characterisation of the normal and laminitic donkey foot.

Collins S N, Dyson S J, Murray R C et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

McFarlane Dianne (2011) — Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

Expert Opinion

Progression of venographic changes after experimentally induced laminitis.

Baldwin, Pollitt (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Equine venography and its clinical application in North America.

Rucker (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

The pharmacologic basis for the treatment of developmental and acute laminitis.

Belknap (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Endocrinopathic laminitis.

McGowan (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Microbial events in the hindgut during carbohydrate-induced equine laminitis.

G. Milinovich, A. Klieve, C. Pollitt et al. (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Pasture Management to Minimize the Risk of Equine Laminitis

Watts Kathryn (2010) — Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

Expert Opinion

Black walnut extract: an inflammatory model.

Belknap (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Hyperinsulinemic laminitis.

de Laat, McGowan, Sillence et al. (2010) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Equine laminitis: a journey to the dark side of venous.

Robertson, Bailey, Peroni (2009) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology

Expert Opinion

Metabolic syndrome-From human organ disease to laminar failure in equids.

Geor, Frank (2009) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology

Expert Opinion

Temporal aspects of laminar gene expression during the developmental stages of equine laminitis.

Noschka, Vandenplas, Hurley et al. (2009) — Veterinary immunology and immunopathology

Expert Opinion

Do horses suffer from irritable bowel syndrome?

Hunter J O (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies.

Asplin, Sillence, Pollitt et al. (2008) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Endothelin mediated contraction of equine laminar veins.

Keen J A, Hillier C, McGorum B C et al. (2008) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Lamellar pro-inflammatory cytokine expression patterns in laminitis at the developmental stage and at the onset of lameness: innate vs. adaptive immune response.

Belknap J K, Gigu&#xe8;re S, Pettigrew A et al. (2007) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Factors affecting clinical assessment of insulin sensitivity in horses.

Firshman A M, Valberg S J (2007) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Doppler sonographic evaluation of the digital blood flow in horses with laminitis or septic pododermatitis.

Wongaumnuaykul, Siedler, Schobesberger et al. (2006) — Veterinary radiology &amp; ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association

Expert Opinion

Magnetic resonance microscopy of the equine hoof wall: a study of resolution and potential.

Keller M D, Galloway G J, Pollitt C C (2006) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Predisposition for venoconstriction in the equine laminar dermis: implications in equine laminitis.

Peroni, Moore, Noschka et al. (2006) — Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)

Expert Opinion

Equine laminitis induced with oligofructose.

van Eps, Pollitt (2006) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Black walnut extract-induced laminitis in horses is associated with heterogeneous dysfunction of the laminar microvasculature.

Peroni, Harrison, Moore et al. (2006) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Evaluation using hoof wall strain gauges of a therapeutic shoe and a hoof cast with a heel wedge as potential supportive therapy for horses with laminitis.

Hansen Nicolas, Buchner H H Florian, Haller J&#xfc;rgen et al. (2005) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Expert Opinion

Effect of acute sublethal endotoxaemia on in vitro digital vascular reactivity in horses.

Zerpa, Vega, Vasquez et al. (2005) — Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine

Expert Opinion

Hoof wall wound repair.

Pollitt, Daradka (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Epidermal cell proliferation in the equine hoof wall.

Daradka M, Pollitt C C (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Radiographic imaging of the equine foot.

Redden (2003) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Equine Cushing's disease.

McCue (2003) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Evaluation of a combined laser Doppler flowmetry and iontophoresis technique for the assessment of equine cutaneous microvascular function.

McGorum B C, Milne A J, Tremaine W H et al. (2002) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Isoxsuprine hydrochloride in the horse: a review.

Erkert, Macallister (2002) — Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics

Expert Opinion

The role of nutritional therapy in the treatment of equine Cushing's syndrome and laminitis.

Harman, Ward (2001) — Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

Expert Opinion

A retrospective evaluation of laminitis in horses.

Hunt (1993) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Standing surgical procedures of the foot.

Honnas (1992) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Laminitis in the pony: conservative treatment vs dorsal hoof wall resection.

Peremans, Verschooten, De Moor et al. (1991) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) toxicosis: a model for equine laminitis.

Galey, Whiteley, Goetz et al. (1991) — Journal of comparative pathology

Expert Opinion

Effect of endotoxin administration on equine digital hemodynamics and starling forces.

Hunt, Allen, Moore (1990) — American journal of veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Pathophysiology of acute laminitis.

Moore, Allen, Clark (1989) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

In vitro reactivity of digital arteries and veins to vasoconstrictive mediators in healthy horses and in horses with early laminitis.

Baxter, Laskey, Tackett et al. (1989) — American journal of veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Corticosteroid-potentiated vascular responses of the equine digit: a possible pharmacologic basis for laminitis.

Eyre, Elmes, Strickland (1979) — American journal of veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Equine laminitis of alimentary origin: an experimental model.

Garner, Coffman, Hahn et al. (1975) — American journal of veterinary research

Expert Opinion

Essay on Laminitis

Ferrie, J. — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis

Problems encountered when shoeing shire horses for showing

Davison — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis

Ideas on the present day approach to farriery as dictated by horse-owners

Flatters, B — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis

Revealing the Therapeutic Potential of Muscle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: An In Vitro Model for Equine Laminitis Based on Activated Neutrophils, Anoxia-Reoxygenation, and Myeloperoxidase.

Serteyn Didier, Storms Nazar&#xe9;, Mouithys-Mickalad Ange et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Thesis

Studies in vitro of equine intestinal glucagon-like peptide-2 secretion.

Sibthorpe P E M, Fitzgerald D M, Sillence M N et al. (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Thesis

Equine insulin dysregulation and Laminitis: Developing a framework for testing treatment and preventive strategies

A. Meier (2019)

Thesis

Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1&#x3b1; and related genes in equine digital lamellae and in cultured keratinocytes.

Pawlak E A, Geor R J, Watts M R et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis

The effect of hoof angle variations on dorsal lamellar load in the equine hoof.

Ramsey G D, Hunter P J, Nash M P (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis

Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis.

Cripps, Eustace (1999) — Equine veterinary journal

Thesis

Problems I have found in horses feet and methods of shoeing

Stern, P.J. (1977) — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis