Respiratory Disease: What the Research Says

Evidence from 54 peer-reviewed studies

1 Systematic Review

2 RCT

11 Cohort Study

21 Case Report

18 Expert Opinion

1 Thesis

What Professionals Should Know

•Current EHV-1 vaccines provide only minimal protection against clinical disease; vaccination alone should not be the sole disease prevention strategy on farms with active EHV-1 exposure
•Biosecurity and management practices remain critical components of EHV-1 control since existing vaccines show limited efficacy for preventing abortion, neurologic disease, and viral shedding
•Be cautious interpreting vaccine efficacy claims; the evidence base is limited by small study sizes, heterogeneous methods, and underreported research protocols
•For horses with equine asthma or respiratory sensitivity, baled peat bedding is superior to straw pellets and loosely stored peat in reducing airway inflammation
•Wood pellet bedding performs similarly to baled peat and may be a practical alternative if peat availability or cost is a concern
•Storage and packaging matter: keep peat bales plastic-covered rather than loose to minimize dust and inflammatory triggers in the stable environment
•For horses with equine asthma or recurrent airway inflammation, consider switching from wood shavings to peat bedding to reduce lower airway neutrophilic response
•Bedding material selection has measurable effects on airway inflammation markers even in healthy horses; this effect will likely be more pronounced in asthmatic individuals
•Respiratory rate and visible mucus scores may not be sensitive indicators of bedding-related airway inflammation—cytological examination provides more definitive assessment
•Dairy producers should prioritize management strategies targeting the first 30 days of lactation, as this period represents peak health treatment costs across all parities
•Reproductive health management during early lactation is critical, accounting for approximately half of health treatment expenditures in this period
•Benchmarking herd health costs against similar operations may identify management gaps, as substantial variation exists between herds (up to 3-fold difference in first parity costs)
•Point-of-care ultrasound can provide rapid cardiorespiratory assessment in under 7 minutes at any location where horses are kept or compete, enabling faster clinical decision-making
•Pocket-sized ultrasound devices are practical for field use and can detect significant abnormalities like pleural fluid and heart disease, supporting early diagnosis of compromised horses
•Training sonographers on this protocol prioritizes thoracic and right parasternal windows as these are most reliably obtained, allowing focused skill development
•Finding hemosiderophages in BALF of non-athletic horses should raise suspicion for severe equine asthma rather than automatically attributing them to exercise-induced bleeding
•BALF cytology with Perls' staining may help differentiate between EIPH and asthma-related pulmonary hemorrhage in respiratory cases
•Clinicians should consider severe equine asthma in the differential diagnosis when hemosiderophages are identified in lightly-worked or sedentary horses with respiratory signs
•This research establishes a reproducible method for studying extracellular vesicles in equine respiratory disease, which may eventually help identify biomarkers for asthma diagnosis or progression.
•The similarity in EV concentrations between asthmatic and healthy horses suggests future studies need to characterize EV protein composition and function rather than just particle number to understand their role in airway inflammation.
•For practitioners, this foundational work may lead to improved diagnostic tools for equine asthma in coming years, though clinical applications are not yet available.
•When reviewing equine airway cytology results, always verify whether the laboratory included or excluded epithelial cells, as this significantly affects interpretation—particularly for tracheal wash samples where 21% of cases can be reclassified
•Request explicit documentation of methodology from your diagnostic laboratory and maintain consistency within your practice to ensure accurate trending and treatment decisions
•Consider advocating for industry consensus on epithelial cell reporting standards to improve diagnostic reliability across veterinary practices
•S. equi appears to be endemic in Ethiopian working horse populations and may be a primary driver of respiratory disease in this region—biosecurity and vaccination strategies should be prioritized
•Working horses in Ethiopia lack immunity to equine influenza and would be highly vulnerable to an outbreak; vaccination protocols should be considered if trade or movement increases
•Respiratory signs in working horses cannot be attributed primarily to viral causes in this population; investigate non-infectious causes (dust, poor ventilation, work intensity) and management factors
•Regular surface watering in indoor arenas during drier months can reduce airborne dust exposure for both horses and riders during exercise
•Footing material quality and maintenance directly impact air quality; arena operators should prioritize dust management as part of respiratory health protocols
•Dust exposure is highest immediately following riding activity; consider ventilation improvements and adequate rest periods between sessions to allow particle settling
•Over half of unvaccinated Spanish Purebred horses in central Spain have been exposed to EHV-1/EHV-4, indicating endemic circulation—vaccination programmes should be considered for breeding operations
•Farm management practices matter: separating mares from youngsters and vaccinating other residents on the farm can reduce herd exposure, making these practical biosecurity measures worth implementing
•Older horses and those on smaller farms in southern regions face higher exposure risk, so targeted surveillance and preventive strategies should focus on these higher-risk populations
•Owner-reported coughing (27%) is common in aged horses but frequently goes undiagnosed—veterinarians should actively screen geriatric patients with respiratory questionnaires rather than waiting for owner complaints
•High-exercise geriatric horses and those living on farms represent higher-risk groups for RAO; these owners should be counselled on early signs and management strategies to minimize dusty hay exposure
•Recent respiratory infections predispose to RAO development; post-infection monitoring and prevention protocols are warranted in older horses
•Young National Hunt racehorses entering training for the first time warrant closer respiratory monitoring, particularly in the first 3-6 months, as they show significantly elevated risk of tracheal mucus development
•Detection of both S. zooepidemicus and nonhaemolytic streptococci in tracheal samples indicates considerably higher risk of significant airway mucus compared to either organism alone
•Clinical signs of coughing at exercise and nasal discharge alone are unreliable indicators of tracheal mucus; endoscopic examination may be needed for accurate assessment
•Do not rely solely on owner-reported health problems in geriatric horses; conduct thorough veterinary examinations as owners consistently underestimate disease prevalence, particularly for dental disease, cardiac murmurs, and lameness
•Implement improved owner education and increase veterinary involvement in geriatric horse care to enable earlier disease detection and intervention, especially for conditions not readily observable by owners
•Tarsal and metacarpophalangeal joint range of motion is significantly reduced in horses with osteoarthritis, providing objective assessment tools when owner reports may be unreliable
•Hospital outbreaks of EHV-4 can be prolonged; implement strict quarantine and movement protocols for suspected cases to prevent spread across populations
•Monitor horses for 3+ weeks after the apparent end of an outbreak, as late positive cases suggest the virus may persist or transmit longer than initially expected
•Use qPCR testing of nasal swabs alongside serology and detailed movement tracking to identify outbreak source and transmission routes in multi-horse facilities
•Viral pathogens may be uncommon causes of respiratory disease in horses; consider other differential diagnoses (bacterial, fungal, inflammatory, environmental) before extensive viral screening
•Next-generation sequencing is a useful diagnostic tool for investigating unexplained respiratory cases, but negative results do not exclude viral involvement in small populations
•Gammaherpesvirus 2 should be considered in young horses presenting with poor performance and cough during early training phases
•EHV-1 genetic diversity in Sweden is higher than previously documented, with multiple circulating strains requiring surveillance to track disease patterns and outbreak sources
•Quarantine alone may be insufficient to eliminate viral shedding in recovered horses; additional biosecurity measures and testing protocols should be implemented before returning horses from international events with EHV-1 exposure
•Different genovariants are associated with EHM outbreaks, suggesting strain-specific virulence factors that warrant investigation for better disease management and prevention strategies
•EqAHV-1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis for respiratory disease outbreaks in horses, particularly in previously unaffected regions
•Outbreak management should include isolation protocols and biosecurity measures appropriate for highly contagious herpesvirus infections
•Monitoring and surveillance for EqAHV-1 in regions without prior documented cases is warranted to understand disease epidemiology and prevent spread
•Monitor vaccination status of your horses against equine influenza, as new viral clades may escape existing vaccine-induced immunity
•Report suspected equine influenza cases (fever, respiratory signs) to your veterinarian promptly for PCR testing, as surveillance is incomplete in many regions
•Coordinate with your veterinarian on vaccine strain recommendations, which may need updating as new EIV clades emerge in your geographic region
•Pleural empyema carries an extremely high mortality rate (83%) despite antimicrobial therapy; early recognition of respiratory distress, fever, and pleural effusion is critical for intervention attempts
•Multiple bacterial and fungal pathogens can be involved; culture and sensitivity testing of pleural fluid and transtracheal wash samples should guide antimicrobial selection, with ceftiofur showing highest efficacy in this series
•Severe cases develop fibrin deposits and pleural adhesions that may compromise treatment outcomes; this condition should be considered refractory and managed with aggressive multimodal therapy from initial diagnosis
•Not applicable - this study concerns farmed mink epidemiology and zoonotic disease transmission, not equine medicine or husbandry
•Equine practitioners should note that contact with infected animals and contaminated environments poses minimal documented risk, as horses tested negative in this study
•This research is relevant primarily to livestock disease management and public health epidemiology, not to equine-specific clinical practice
•Consider K. variicola in differential diagnoses for equine pleural effusion and respiratory disease, particularly when gram-negative organisms are cultured
•Be aware that emerging pathogens previously associated with plants and humans may present in equine populations
•Management factors including water source quality, flooring type, and work intensity are modifiable risk factors for respiratory disease in working horses—prioritize clean water access and appropriate housing
•S. zooepidemicus plays a clinical role in respiratory disease in this population; monitor for this pathogen and consider management interventions alongside antimicrobial therapy
•Young and old working horses are at elevated risk and may require additional monitoring and careful management during respiratory challenges
•Vaccination alone is insufficient protection against equine influenza in your practice—regular vaccination combined with quarantine and movement restrictions for respiratory disease are essential
•When influenza-like disease occurs in vaccinated horses, consider vaccine strain mismatch as a cause and report cases to identify circulating variants that may require updated vaccines
•Stay informed about OIE vaccine strain recommendations and coordinate with your veterinarian to ensure your facility uses current vaccine formulations, as antigenic drift occurs continuously
•Even well-managed stud farms with good biosecurity can experience EHV-1 abortion outbreaks, necessitating vigilant surveillance and rapid response protocols
•EHV-1 should be considered in differential diagnosis for any abortion, respiratory signs, neonatal death, or neurological disease outbreaks on equine properties
•Implementation of outbreak management and prevention strategies specific to EHV-1 is critical for stud farm operations
•EHM cases involve thrombotic events in spinal vasculature that contribute to neurological dysfunction; understanding coagulation parameters may help identify at-risk horses or guide therapeutic interventions
•Veterinarians managing EHV-1 outbreaks should be aware that vascular complications beyond respiratory signs can occur, including potentially life-threatening neurological disease
•Further research into the coagulation cascade during EHV-1 infection may reveal preventive or therapeutic targets to reduce severity of EHM
•EHV-8 should be considered in differential diagnosis of equine abortion cases, as it has been misidentified as EHV-1 in clinical practice
•Donkeys may harbour and transmit EHV-8 to horses; biosecurity protocols should account for this potential cross-species transmission risk
•Molecular diagnostic confirmation is essential for EHV-8 identification, as it cannot be reliably distinguished from EHV-1 by clinical presentation alone
•Although rare, M. bovis tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for horses presenting with chronic respiratory signs and epistaxis, particularly given potential zoonotic transmission risk to handlers
•Fluoroquinolone monotherapy (enrofloxacin) may offer a treatment option for equine M. bovis infections, with observable clinical improvement achievable within 3 months
•Horses with M. bovis may be more susceptible and easier to treat compared to cattle and other livestock, making early diagnosis and isolation important for herd health management
•Dexamethasone treatment in horses may trigger sustained neutrophil activation in airways lasting 1-2 weeks, with potential implications for horses with concurrent respiratory infections
•Tracheal wash neutrophil counts and elastase/myeloperoxidase levels can serve as markers for monitoring airway neutrophil activation and degranulation in clinical cases
•Systemic biomarkers (serum surfactant protein D) may not reliably reflect lower airway inflammation, necessitating direct sampling via bronchoalveolar lavage for accurate assessment
•A novel mucoid strain of S. zooepidemicus was responsible for a multi-site respiratory disease outbreak in New Caledonian horses, suggesting heightened transmissibility or virulence compared to typical non-mucoid strains
•Respiratory disease in horses should prompt investigation for S. zooepidemicus as a secondary bacterial pathogen, particularly when viral causes are ruled out
•The identification of this clonal strain and its unique surface protein profile may inform development of targeted diagnostics and potential vaccine strategies for preventing opportunistic S. zooepidemicus infections
•Identical EHV-1 strains can present very different clinical pictures between herds; breed composition should be considered when assessing outbreak severity and likely outcomes
•Serologically negative imported horses can still be EHV-1 carriers and vectors; quarantine and pre-import testing protocols must be enforced regardless of health certificates
•Clinically healthy stallions can transmit EHV-1 between farms; use extreme caution with breeding stock movements and consider epidemiological history of source herds during breeding season outbreaks
•This study concerns canine influenza in dogs, not equine influenza in horses—the H3N8 virus identified is only 'closely related' to equine influenza virus and is not directly relevant to equine practice
•The research is laboratory-focused on pathogenesis and experimental modeling rather than clinical management or prevention in working horses
•Real-time RT-PCR is now a reliable diagnostic tool for rapid and sensitive detection of equine rhinitis viruses in clinical practice, enabling earlier diagnosis than traditional culture methods
•Post-race urine testing can identify ERAV shedding in horses without clinical signs, suggesting subclinical viral circulation may be more common than previously recognized and could impact performance
•The ability to detect both ERAV and ERBV simultaneously allows practitioners to monitor for co-infections with EIV and track viral epidemiology in individual yards or populations
•Vaccination alone does not guarantee protection against equine influenza; recently vaccinated horses can still develop clinical disease, requiring additional biosecurity measures during outbreaks
•Monitor recently vaccinated horses for respiratory signs and isolate suspected cases, as vaccine-strain mismatch with emerging virus lineages can occur without obvious antigenic drift
•Age-related differences in infection susceptibility exist among vaccinated horses that are not explained by antibody titre alone, suggesting vaccine-induced immunity quality may vary by age at vaccination
•Maintain strict biosecurity protocols when handling horses with unexplained severe respiratory disease or neurological signs, especially in Australia, as Hendra transmission to humans can occur with close contact
•Exercise extreme caution when collecting diagnostic samples from suspected Hendra cases due to high zoonotic risk and potential for human infection
•Be alert to bat exposure as a potential epidemiological link in cases of severe respiratory disease in horses, particularly in regions where fruit bats are present
•For respiratory research using equine samples, size exclusion chromatography should be preferred over centrifugation methods when investigating extracellular vesicle composition and cellular origins
•The equine model offers practical advantages for longitudinal respiratory disease studies due to naturally occurring asthma, sample volume availability, and physiological similarities to human respiratory pathology
•This methodological optimization may improve future diagnostic or prognostic applications of extracellular vesicles in equine respiratory disease assessment
•Consider gut health as part of a comprehensive asthma management strategy in horses; dysbiosis may contribute to respiratory disease susceptibility
•Microbiota-modulating interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, FMT) may represent emerging treatment options alongside traditional asthma management protocols
•Monitor and optimize dietary factors that support beneficial gut microbiota composition in horses with respiratory disease
•Consider exercise stress testing and environmental factors (cold air, chlorine exposure) when BALF cytology appears normal but subclinical asthma is suspected
•Understand that tracheal aspirate cytology helps rule out bacterial infection while BALF cytology determines inflammatory subtype and disease severity
•Be aware that respiratory effort at rest is the key clinical indicator of severe equine asthma, and that multiple concurrent conditions (especially exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage) may complicate diagnosis
•Stay current with evolving understanding of equine lung and heart conditions as this is an area of increasing clinical focus
•This review provides accessible overview of respiratory and cardiac disease management for equine practitioners
•CoPP represents a promising potential therapeutic option for managing EqHV-8 infection in equines, addressing a currently untreated viral disease causing significant economic losses in the donkey industry
•The antiviral mechanism operates through heme oxygenase-1 and interferon pathway activation, suggesting potential for broader herpesvirus applications
•Further development and clinical trials are needed before this compound can be applied in equine practice
•Equine practitioners should recognize that horses are susceptible to natural Nipah virus infection and implement biosecurity protocols to prevent exposure to potentially infected animals, particularly in endemic regions
•Maintain awareness of zoonotic transmission risk and report suspected cases to veterinary authorities, as the disease presents with respiratory and neurological signs that may overlap with other equine conditions
•Monitor for emerging spillover events in your region, particularly in areas with bat populations and mixed animal farming operations, as climate and anthropogenic changes may increase disease transmission risk
•Recognize that gammaherpesvirus infection is nearly universal in equine populations and monitor for clinical signs, particularly respiratory disease and performance issues, especially in recently transported horses.
•Be aware that stress from transport can trigger viral reactivation and shedding; implement stress-reduction strategies during and after transport when possible.
•Understand that antiviral treatments lack proven efficacy for these infections, so focus on supportive care, stress management, and general immune support rather than expecting pharmaceutical solutions.
•EHV-1 environmental contamination in typical horse housing is difficult to eliminate completely, requiring consideration of the virus's environmental persistence characteristics
•Understanding that the viral envelope is vulnerable to environmental conditions allows practitioners to optimize stable management and disinfection protocols
•Housing design and material selection (sealed vs. unsealed wood, bedding type) should be considered in EHV-1 prevention and control strategies
•Use the WAG tool's five-category output to identify specific welfare problem areas in your equid population rather than relying on a single overall score—this allows targeted intervention strategies
•Respiratory disease and open wounds appear as priority health concerns in equids in South Asian working populations; conduct issue-specific assessments by appropriate professionals to determine causes and implement prevention measures
•When allocating limited resources for welfare improvements, use the WAG tool grades to systematically prioritize which welfare categories need intervention first, ensuring efficient use of funds
•While garlic may help clear airway mucus and reduce respiratory symptoms, prolonged supplementation appears to negatively affect blood parameters—monitor hematology regularly if using garlic therapeutically
•Consider garlic supplementation only for short-term respiratory support rather than chronic management, given the detrimental hematologic effects observed over 83 days
•This is the first controlled study of garlic in horses; consult with veterinarians before implementing garlic supplementation protocols
•A cough is diagnostically valuable because it localizes disease to the airways, but you'll need additional diagnostic work to identify the specific cause
•Don't assume horses without a cough are free of airway disease—use other clinical signs and diagnostic tools to investigate respiratory compromise
•Have a systematic diagnostic approach ready for coughing horses, as the differential list is extensive
•Owner perception of disease priorities differs significantly between horse and donkey populations; intervention programs should be species-specific and informed by local stakeholder input rather than assumption
•Participatory assessment methods are valuable for identifying working equid health concerns in resource-limited settings and can reveal previously undocumented conditions and regional disease priorities
•Educational and veterinary programs targeting working equid populations should prioritize the conditions owners identify as most impactful on animal function and productivity
•Antimicrobial stewardship is critical in equine practice; avoid unnecessary antibiotic use for respiratory disease without veterinary assessment
•Multi-drug resistant bacteria pose an increasing threat to equine health in some regions; maintain awareness of local resistance patterns
•Work with veterinarians to ensure antibiotics are used appropriately and only when clinically indicated
•Syndromic surveillance data (respiratory and neurological cases) can be statistically evaluated using likelihood ratios to support objective outbreak detection decisions rather than relying on subjective interpretation
•This framework helps distinguish between natural variation in disease reporting and evidence of a true outbreak, reducing false alarms and improving resource allocation
•Practitioners can integrate multiple data sources (surveillance, models, risk assessments) transparently into disease outbreak response decisions
•Respiratory disease management requires attention as a major performance and welfare issue affecting horse populations
•Evidence-based understanding of lower airway disease has evolved significantly over the past decade, informing clinical approaches
•Industry-specific funding models can drive clinically relevant research into equine respiratory conditions
•Vaccination of mares does not guarantee prevention of EHV-1 and EHV-4 transmission to unweaned foals on the same premises
•Respiratory clinical signs in young foals on stud farms should raise suspicion for herpesvirus infection even in vaccinated populations
•PCR testing is better used for epidemiological confirmation of herd viral circulation rather than individual diagnostic purposes
•Genetic testing for respiratory disease susceptibility in horses may become available as candidate genes like IL4RA are validated, potentially allowing early identification of at-risk individuals
•Understanding the genetic basis of RAO could enable selective breeding to reduce disease prevalence in equine populations
•Practitioners should be aware that respiratory disease phenotypes must be carefully defined to make accurate genetic associations and clinical diagnoses
•Housing and stabling conditions vary widely across Great Britain; practitioners should assess individual stable environments for dust exposure and respiratory health risks
•This baseline data on horse management practices provides context for understanding respiratory disease prevalence and welfare issues in the general population
•Environmental management, particularly dust control in stables, should be a key consideration in preventive health strategies
•EHV-8 infection causes acute respiratory disease with systemic dissemination; clinical monitoring for respiratory signs in exposed animals is warranted
•Early immune response is primarily innate (proinflammatory cytokines); awareness of this response pattern may help inform timing of supportive care interventions
•This mouse model provides a research tool for understanding EHV-8 pathogenesis, though findings require validation in natural equine hosts before clinical application

Key Research Findings

35 peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria from 1018 identified studies, predominantly experimental (31/35) with small sample sizes and moderate risk of bias

Osterrieder Klaus, 2024

Eight vaccine subclasses identified: three commercial types (modified-live, inactivated, mixed) and five experimental types (modified-live, inactivated, deletion mutant, DNA, recombinant)

Osterrieder Klaus, 2024

Commercial and experimental EHV-1 vaccines minimally reduce incidence of clinical disease, with several studies reporting no benefit or minimal efficacy

Osterrieder Klaus, 2024

Meta-analyses revealed significant heterogeneity and low-to-moderate quality of evidence for most outcomes (pyrexia, abortion, neurologic disease, viremia, nasal shedding)

Osterrieder Klaus, 2024

Baled peat (Peat 2) produced significantly lower tracheal and bronchoalveolar neutrophil percentages compared to straw pellet bedding (TW: P=0.0003, BALF: P=0.005)

Mönki Jenni, 2021

Straw pellet bedding resulted in higher tracheal mucus scores and respiratory rates compared to baled peat (P=0.014 and P=0.026 respectively)

Mönki Jenni, 2021

Wood pellet bedding reduced respiratory rate compared to baled peat (P=0.004) with no difference in airway inflammation markers

Mönki Jenni, 2021

Loosely stored peat (Peat 3) caused significantly higher BALF neutrophil percentages than baled peat (P=0.04), suggesting storage method affects air quality

Mönki Jenni, 2021

Wood shavings bedding resulted in significantly higher tracheal wash neutrophil percentage compared to peat (P = 0.040 and P = 0.0045)

Mönki Jenni, 2021

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage was significantly higher with wood shavings versus subsequent peat period (P < 0.001)

Mönki Jenni, 2021

No differences were found in respiratory rate or tracheal mucus score between bedding types

Mönki Jenni, 2021

Peat bedding caused less neutrophilic lower airway inflammation than wood shavings in healthy adult horses

Mönki Jenni, 2021

Health treatment costs were highest during the first 30 days of lactation across all parities, ranging from USD 22.87 (first parity) to USD 38.50 (fifth parity)

Donnelly Michael R, 2023

Reproduction treatment costs represented approximately 50% of total health treatment costs during early lactation across all parities

Donnelly Michael R, 2023

Metabolic treatment costs in early lactation ranged from USD 3.92 (first parity) to USD 12.34 (third parity)

Donnelly Michael R, 2023

Evidence Base

Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Osterrieder Klaus, Dorman David C, Burgess Brandy A et al. (2024) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Systematic Review

Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Comparison of Two Peat Beddings, Wood Pellet, and Straw Pellet.

Mönki Jenni, Saastamoinen Markku, Karikoski Ninja et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Crossover Study Comparing Peat and Wood Shavings.

Mönki Jenni, Saastamoinen Markku, Karikoski Ninja et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

Health Treatment Cost of Holsteins in Eight High-Performance Herds.

Donnelly Michael R, Hazel Amy R, Hansen Leslie B et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Feasibility of a point-of-care ultrasound protocol for cardiorespiratory evaluation of horses in different clinical settings.

Bevevino Kari E, Cohen Noah D, Gordon Sonya G et al. (2023) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Bronchoalveolar lavage hemosiderosis in lightly active or sedentary horses.

Mahalingam-Dhingra Ananya, Bedenice Daniela, Mazan Melissa R (2023) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Cohort Study

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles From the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Healthy and Asthmatic Horses.

Höglund Nina, Koho Ninna, Rossi Heini et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Effect of inclusion or exclusion of epithelial cells in equine respiratory cytology analysis.

Allen K J, Tennant K V, Franklin S H (2019) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Respiratory disease and sero-epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia.

Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A et al. (2018) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Factors associated with dust dispersed in the air of indoor riding arenas.

Lühe T, Mielenz N, Schulz J et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain.

Cruz F, Fores P, Mughini-Gras L et al. (2016) — The Veterinary record

Cohort Study

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Recurrent Airway Obstruction in Geriatric Horses and Ponies

Ireland J.L., Christley R.M., McGowan C.M. et al. (2015) — Equine Veterinary Journal

Cohort Study

Infectious risk factors and clinical indicators for tracheal mucus in British National Hunt racehorses.

Cardwell J M, Smith K C, Wood J L N et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom.

Ireland J L, Clegg P D, McGowan C M et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Outbreak of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in Denmark: tracing patient zero and viral characterization.

Ryt-Hansen Pia, Johansen Victoria Kyhl, Cuicani Marta Maria et al. (2024) — BMC veterinary research

Respiratory Disease: What the Research Says

What Professionals Should Know

Key Research Findings

Evidence Base

Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Comparison of Two Peat Beddings, Wood Pellet, and Straw Pellet.

Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Crossover Study Comparing Peat and Wood Shavings.

Health Treatment Cost of Holsteins in Eight High-Performance Herds.

Feasibility of a point-of-care ultrasound protocol for cardiorespiratory evaluation of horses in different clinical settings.

Bronchoalveolar lavage hemosiderosis in lightly active or sedentary horses.

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles From the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Healthy and Asthmatic Horses.

Effect of inclusion or exclusion of epithelial cells in equine respiratory cytology analysis.

Respiratory disease and sero-epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia.

Factors associated with dust dispersed in the air of indoor riding arenas.

Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain.

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Recurrent Airway Obstruction in Geriatric Horses and Ponies

Infectious risk factors and clinical indicators for tracheal mucus in British National Hunt racehorses.

Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom.

Outbreak of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in Denmark: tracing patient zero and viral characterization.

The Role of Viral Pathogens in Horse Respiratory Diseases: A Cytological and Molecular Approach Using Next-Generation Sequencing.

Divergent strains of EHV-1 in Swedish outbreaks during 2012 to 2021.

Identification of neuropathogenic Varicellovirus equidalpha1 as a potential cause of respiratory disease outbreaks among horses in North Xinjiang, China, from 2021-2023.

First Reported Circulation of Equine Influenza H3N8 Florida Clade 1 Virus in Horses in Italy.

Pleural Empyema in Six Horses: A Retrospective Case Series.

SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020.

First isolation of Klebsiella variicola from a horse pleural effusion.

Pathology, infectious agents and horse- and management-level risk factors associated with signs of respiratory disease in Ethiopian working horses.

Multifocal outbreak of equine influenza in vaccinated horses in Argentina in 2018: Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterisation of the involved virus strains.

Outbreak of equid herpesvirus 1 abortions at the Arabian stud in Poland.

Coagulation parameters following equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses.

Equid herpesvirus 8: Complete genome sequence and association with abortion in mares.

Isolation and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis causing pulmonary tuberculosis and epistaxis in a Thoroughbred horse.

Stimulation of airway neutrophils following dexamethasone administration and equid herpesvirus-2 challenge in horses.

Characterization of a mucoid clone of Streptococcus zooepidemicus from an epizootic of equine respiratory disease in New Caledonia.

Two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs.

Canine H3N8 influenza virus infection in dogs and mice.

Real-time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses.

Description of the outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 2003, during which recently vaccinated horses in Newmarket developed respiratory disease.

Hendra (equine morbillivirus).

Respiratory extracellular vesicle isolation optimization through proteomic profiling of equine samples and identification of candidates for cell-of-origin studies.

The Microbiota and Equine Asthma: An Integrative View of the Gut-Lung Axis.

Equine Asthma Diagnostics: Review of Influencing Factors and Difficulties in Diagnosing Subclinical Disease.

Equine Respiratory Medicine and Cardiology.

Cobalt Protoporphyrin Blocks EqHV-8 Infection via IFN-&#x3b1;/&#x3b2; Production.

Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis.

Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections.

Environmental persistence of equid herpesvirus type-1.

The Welfare Aggregation and Guidance (WAG) Tool: A New Method to Summarize Global Welfare Assessment Data for Equids.

Practical diagnostic approach to the coughing horse

Owner reported diseases of working equids in central Ethiopia.

Clinical Research Abstracts of the British Equine Veterinary Association Congress 2015.

Using Bayes' rule to define the value of evidence from syndromic surveillance.

Lower airway disease, now and in the future.

Clinical, serological and molecular investigations of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in 15 unweaned thoroughbred foals.

Genes and respiratory disease: a first step on a long journey.

A survey of horse owners in Great Britain regarding horses in their care. Part 1: Horse demographic characteristics and management.

Characterizing the Pathogenesis and Immune Response of Equine Herpesvirus 8 Infection in Lung of Mice.

Cobalt Protoporphyrin Blocks EqHV-8 Infection via IFN-α/β Production.