Lameness: What the Research Says

Evidence from 295 peer-reviewed studies

7 Systematic Review
12 RCT
107 Cohort Study
69 Case Report
93 Expert Opinion
7 Thesis

What Professionals Should Know

  • •PRP demonstrates therapeutic potential for tendon/ligament injuries with good safety profile, but ensure your provider uses a standardized, documented preparation method since current variation limits predictability
  • •Consider combination therapy with stem cells if available, but recognize this approach still needs more rigorous clinical validation before becoming standard practice
  • •Request detailed information about your PRP's platelet concentration, leukocyte levels, and activation method—these variables significantly impact outcomes but are inconsistently reported
  • •Acupuncture appears moderately effective for laminitis management and should be considered as a complementary treatment option alongside conventional therapies
  • •A structured protocol of twice-weekly treatments over 4 weeks is supported by evidence and provides a practical timeframe for practitioners
  • •Multiple acupuncture techniques are available, allowing practitioners to select methods based on individual horse circumstances and facility capabilities
  • •Shoe effects on gait are real but highly variable—current research cannot provide universal recommendations; individual horse assessment remains essential for farriery decisions.
  • •Be cautious about extrapolating findings from published studies to your own horses, as most research uses non-lame horses and single breeds that may not match your client population.
  • •Document your own horses' responses to shoeing changes systematically; industry-wide standardization in measurement methods is needed before research can reliably guide practice.
  • •Nearly 1 in 3 working equids in low-resource settings show lameness; assess body condition, attitude, and age as primary risk factors in your evaluations
  • •Rest days matter: animals working continuously without breaks show higher lameness rates—advocate for at least one day off per week in your recommendations
  • •Standardize your own lameness grading and assessment methods when comparing cases or tracking outcomes, as terminology variation limits meaningful comparisons across populations
  • •Timing of preventive claw trimming matters: expect temporary production dips immediately post-trimming but plan for improved locomotion and milk yield benefits later in lactation
  • •Implement electronic record-keeping of claw health observations at each trimming visit to build data on what works for individual animals and herd-level patterns
  • •Standardize trimming technique documentation and baseline claw condition assessment within your operation to better evaluate which approach reduces lesions and lameness in your cattle
  • •ESWT shows promise for treating tendon and ligament injuries in horses, but current evidence quality is limited by bias and weak study design—demand high-quality clinical data before adopting as standard protocol
  • •Optimal energy settings, dosing, treatment frequency, and case selection criteria for different anatomical locations remain undefined—standardized protocols are needed for consistent clinical outcomes
  • •Before combining ESWT with other regenerative therapies (stem cells, PRP), understand that interactions and long-term effects have not been adequately studied
  • •Objective gait analysis systems are approaching routine clinical use but only parameters backed by solid scientific evidence should inform treatment decisions
  • •Understanding the biomechanical principles underlying gait measurements is essential for correct interpretation of results in your clinical cases
  • •Evidence from controlled lameness studies validates which specific gait parameters are reliable indicators of lameness severity and can be used confidently in practice
  • •Quercetin dietary supplementation may reduce reliance on NSAIDs for managing claw lesions, avoiding gastrointestinal complications and drug residues in milk
  • •Consider quercetin as a preventative nutritional strategy for lameness management on dairy farms alongside trimming and environmental improvements
  • •Natural flavonoid supplementation offers a practical, economical option for hoof health that warrants on-farm evaluation
  • •Meloxicam effectively controls lameness from experimentally-induced synovitis and may provide clinical benefit in managing acute joint inflammation cases
  • •NSAIDs like meloxicam appear to modulate systemic inflammatory markers (temperature, hemoglobin, neutrophil response) in acute synovitis
  • •Joint circumference measurements alone are insufficient to assess inflammatory response; lameness scoring and systemic markers provide better clinical indicators
  • •A novel three-drug intra-articular combination showed superior clinical outcomes for carpal OA compared to standard steroid treatment, with measurable improvements in flexion and gait quality
  • •Biomarker monitoring (BGN262 and COMP156) may help objectively track cartilage status and treatment response rather than relying on clinical observation alone
  • •This novel combination appears safe with no reported adverse events, offering a potential alternative to conventional corticosteroid injections for managing OA-associated lameness
  • •BMNC therapy appears safe and shows promise for reducing lameness and joint swelling in horses with moderate OA, with improvements visible within 3 weeks
  • •Clinical improvements in lameness and joint circumference occur despite inconsistent synovial biomarker changes, suggesting the mechanism may involve cell-mediated anti-inflammatory effects rather than detectable cytokine shifts
  • •This approach warrants larger clinical trials as it demonstrated benefit comparable to or potentially exceeding corticosteroid injection without noted adverse effects
  • •Prophylactic hoof trimming in well-managed pasture-based herds with minimal claw horn imbalance may not justify routine intervention costs
  • •Monitor individual cow claw condition before implementing blanket trimming programs—not all animals benefit equally
  • •Consider farm-specific claw health status; prophylactic trimming efficacy appears dependent on baseline hoof pathology prevalence
  • •Implement regular Dutch five-step hoof trimming as a cost-effective lameness prevention strategy, reducing lameness cases by 40% or more
  • •Monitor and maintain body condition in older cows and assess hock health, as these factors are equally important to trimming for preventing hoof disease
  • •Focus preventive efforts on non-infectious lesion prevention through timely trimming and management of overgrown hooves, particularly important during peak lactation
  • •Riders exceeding ~15% of their horse's bodyweight are at high risk of causing lameness and behavioral problems—this should be a firm limit in practice, not a guideline.
  • •Even moderate overweight riders (12-15% ratio) can cause issues; assess saddle fit specifically for each rider as ill-fitting saddles compound pressure problems and postural faults.
  • •Heavy riders generate abnormally high peak pressures caudally and in canter; monitor these horses closely for early signs of back pain and musculoskeletal injury, and consider therapeutic intervention sooner than usual.
  • •Single intra-articular MSC injection for MPJ/MTP OA produces equivalent clinical improvement to repeated injections when paired with 8 weeks rest and rehabilitation, reducing treatment costs and complexity
  • •Clinical lameness improvement occurs despite minimal radiographic changes, suggesting functional benefit may be independent of structural healing on radiographs
  • •MSC therapy appears safe with only minor adverse effects, though rest and rehabilitation remain essential components of the treatment protocol
  • •Dental pulp tissue particle injection shows promise for reducing lameness in both OA and soft tissue injuries, with effects observable within 2 weeks and maintained through 45 days
  • •Soft tissue injuries (desmitis/tendonitis) respond better to this treatment than osteoarthritis, suggesting mechanism may involve tissue regeneration rather than joint cartilage repair
  • •Long-term follow-up data indicates some horses maintain functional improvement for >2.5 years, though this requires confirmation in larger populations
  • •Allogeneic CB-MSC therapy shows promise for reducing inflammatory cell populations in joint synovitis, though clinical lameness improvement is not guaranteed
  • •Single 30-million cell CB-MSC injections induce only mild, self-resolving inflammation, suggesting reasonable safety profile for intra-articular use
  • •Current evidence is preliminary (n=3); practitioners should await larger studies on optimal dosing, timing, and treatment frequency before adopting CB-MSC therapy as standard practice
  • •This RCT provides evidence-based comparison of two common intra-articular injection protocols for joint disease; results may help practitioners choose the most cost-effective option for lame horses
  • •The study addresses a long-standing clinical question about whether adding hyaluronate to triamcinolone injections provides superior outcomes to justify the additional expense
  • •Multicentre field trial design means findings are applicable to working equine practice rather than controlled laboratory settings
  • •SBZ and PBZ are therapeutically equivalent for treating lameness in horses, so choice can be based on other factors like cost and availability
  • •SBZ has better palatability and is more likely to be consumed when given with food, reducing the risk of treatment non-compliance
  • •Consider SBZ as a preferred option if horses are known to be difficult feeders or if reducing gastric ulcer risk is a secondary clinical concern
  • •Corrective hoof trimming in lame dairy cows with deformities improves feed intake and milk production, with measurable increases in both parameters
  • •Hoof trimming reduces systemic oxidative stress and supports the body's antioxidant defenses, indicating improved overall health and recovery from lameness-related inflammation
  • •Consider hoof trimming as a cost-effective intervention to restore production performance and physiological health in affected dairy cattle
  • •Use wearable stride-tracking technology to monitor cumulative skeletal fatigue and identify horses at elevated injury risk before lameness occurs
  • •Maintain moderate, consistent workload rates over 4-start preparation windows (0.25-0.75 range); avoid both extreme underwork and overwork as both increase injury risk
  • •Establish individual fatigue baselines during each horse's career and modify training intensity when fatigue accumulation rates rise, rather than waiting for clinical signs of injury
  • •Subjective lameness assessments during lungeing have limited reliability, especially for mild cases—consider complementary AI gait analysis when clinical agreement is poor or asymmetry is subtle
  • •AI-based gait analysis (OAI-MS) shows promise as a repeatable, objective tool for routine pre-race inspections and clinical decision-making
  • •The technology appears more reliable for forelimb evaluation; use additional assessment methods when hindlimb asymmetry is suspected
  • •Rider technique and balance can measurably influence head movement symmetry in horses—assess your own position and consistency if you notice asymmetrical movement
  • •Saddle fit alone did not create significant movement asymmetries in this cohort, suggesting other factors (rider skill, lameness) should be investigated first
  • •Objective motion capture analysis can detect rider-induced movement changes that may not be visible to the naked eye during routine training
  • •Both surgical approaches (desmoplasty with fasciotomy and neurectomy with fasciotomy) produce comparable outcomes for proximal suspensory desmopathy; surgeon experience and horse presentation should guide technique selection
  • •Fetlock laxity is a potential post-operative complication (2.1% incidence) that should be discussed with owners; clinical monitoring is warranted in early recovery
  • •Presence of suspensory ligament tearing on imaging may influence surgical approach selection, though both methods yield similar functional outcomes
  • •Purchasers and sellers should understand that 5SV provides more comprehensive lameness detection through strenuous exercise and recovery phases compared to basic 2SV assessments
  • •Veterinarians performing PPEs should recognize the subjective nature of examinations and consider standardized scoring systems to improve consistency in identifying suitability issues
  • •The choice between 2SV and 5SV should reflect the intended use and risk tolerance, as more demanding purposes warrant the additional exercise-based assessment stages
  • •Forelimb lameness is significantly more common than hindlimb lameness in this Brazilian population; prioritize distal forelimb structures (foot, pastern, fetlock) in diagnostic workup
  • •Impact lameness dominates the presentation pattern—focus on landing asymmetry and structures involved in impact absorption when planning diagnostic blocks and imaging
  • •Most lame horses present with moderate-to-severe intensity and mixed primary/secondary patterns; expect multi-limb involvement rather than isolated single-limb cases in your examination protocols
  • •Markerless AI lameness detection technology is sufficiently comparable to established IMU systems for field-based asymmetry classification, offering a potentially more accessible alternative for routine screening
  • •Markerless systems may have limitations with hindlimb analysis (fewer strides captured), so practitioners should be aware that forelimb assessments may be more reliable with this technology
  • •When choosing between objective systems, understand that discrepancies often reflect different asymmetry thresholds rather than genuine disagreement—define your threshold based on clinical relevance for your use case rather than relying on default settings
  • •Active open barn housing reduces lameness and colic incidence, likely due to continuous free movement and exercise, offering welfare benefits despite higher wound prevalence
  • •While horses in open barns experience more wounds from social interactions, these injuries do not result in greater training loss, suggesting they are generally minor
  • •Open barn housing may be a viable alternative to single box housing for reducing serious health conditions, though injury prevention protocols around feeding and water systems should be considered
  • •AI motion tracking systems can confidently assist with identifying severe lameness/gait asymmetry at endurance competitions, improving objectivity and consistency of 'fitness-to-compete' decisions
  • •Mild lameness remains difficult to detect with current markerless AI technology; subjective OEV assessment remains essential for borderline cases
  • •Smartphone video combined with AI analysis offers a practical, portable tool for veterinarians to document and verify gait evaluations at competitions without specialized equipment
  • •Riders and owners often present horses to competition with subtle pain behaviours unrecognized as lameness; learning the 24 behaviours in the RHpE can help identify these horses and prevent welfare compromise
  • •Low-level event horses show higher pain behaviour scores than elite dressage horses, suggesting different training methods or populations; consider ethogram assessment when investigating performance issues at lower levels
  • •Recognition and elimination of pain behaviours before they manifest as overt lameness may improve both horse welfare and ridden performance, including rider confidence and safety
  • •Leg-based accelerometers combined with machine learning can effectively identify lame cattle requiring intervention with >90% accuracy, enabling earlier detection and treatment.
  • •Changes in lying time, daily steps, and activity trends (slope features) are more predictive than single-point measurements, suggesting monitoring changes over time is crucial for lameness detection.
  • •While ML algorithms successfully identify lame versus non-lame cattle, they cannot yet distinguish disease types—veterinary expertise remains essential for determining underlying causes and appropriate treatment.
  • •Assess mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time at admission as rapid prognostic indicators; pathological findings are strong predictors of poor outcome in working equids
  • •Educate owners on proper first aid and discourage traditional harmful practices (e.g., firing); early professional intervention may improve survival rates
  • •Consider early euthanasia as a welfare priority when severe clinical signs are present; nearly 1 in 4 admissions result in euthanasia, reflecting poor pre-admission conditions
  • •In-parlour scoring during milking can identify some lame cows with high specificity, but will miss most lame animals (low sensitivity), making it unreliable as a standalone lameness detection method
  • •Hoof indicators observed during milking (weight distribution, claw conformation, swelling, skin lesions, digital dermatitis) show variable reliability between assessors and require standardised scoring protocols if used in practice
  • •Routine locomotion scoring outside the parlour remains essential for comprehensive lameness detection and should not be replaced by in-parlour assessment alone
  • •Jumps racing presents substantially higher welfare risks to horses than flat racing; veterinary professionals should use this data when advising owners and riders on equine safety and welfare implications
  • •Lameness and trauma are the primary injury concerns in jumps racing—physiotherapy and rehabilitation protocols may need to be more intensive and specialized for jumps race horses
  • •Current safety measures in Victoria's jumps racing have not reduced fall and injury rates compared to historical data from 2012-2014, suggesting additional interventions are needed
  • •Shoeing and work surface directly influence the type and location of distal limb pathology—driving horses with studs develop different problems than dressage horses on sand
  • •When evaluating lameness in sport horses, consider the discipline-specific biomechanical demands and surfaces; what is normal wear for one discipline may indicate pathology in another
  • •Farriers and veterinarians should tailor shoeing strategies based on intended use (driving vs. dressage) to minimize discipline-specific stress patterns
  • •Monitor hoof morphometry regularly in performance horses, especially those in dressage and show jumping, as specific conformation patterns predict lameness risk
  • •Maintain a target dorsal hoof wall angle of approximately 50 degrees with balanced coronet band circumference through consistent, evidence-based trimming and shoeing protocols
  • •Schedule regular podiatric interventions as preventive maintenance rather than waiting for lameness to develop, particularly when abnormal hoof-pastern axis alignment is detected
  • •Tenoscopically guided PAL desmotomy offers good prognosis (65% return to previous work) for horses with PAL constriction alone, without concurrent tendon injury
  • •Most horses achieve soundness within 3 months post-operatively, though some may require longer rehabilitation periods
  • •Watch for PAL constriction particularly in cobs and ponies presenting with chronic digital flexor tendon sheath tenosynovitis
  • •Objective digital gait analysis may provide a more standardized alternative to subjective visual inspection for assessing competition fitness and jumping readiness
  • •Monitor changes in forelimb travel and trot speed as potential indicators of fatigue between mandatory inspections, which may predict subsequent jumping performance issues
  • •Implementation of quantifiable gait metrics could improve consistency and reliability of pre-competition and post-cross country veterinary assessments for horse welfare protection
  • •Early fragment removal, particularly for dorsally located fragments, may help prevent future cartilage damage in athletic horses rather than waiting for clinical signs to develop
  • •Fragment size alone should not guide removal decisions; older horses and lame horses with fragments have higher risk of concurrent cartilage injury
  • •Palmar/plantar located fragments may carry lower cartilage injury risk than dorsal fragments, potentially justifying more conservative management in some cases
  • •Pressure pain mapping could potentially become a complementary lameness assessment tool for evaluating peripheral sensitization in arthritic horses, but requires further validation on diseased joints before clinical implementation
  • •If adopting this technique, consistent inter-rater standardization is achievable (different assessors get similar results), but individual operator technique needs refinement to improve within-rater consistency
  • •Different joint sites show naturally different sensitivity thresholds in healthy horses—baseline normative data for your specific joints of interest should guide interpretation of clinical cases
  • •Lameness during early postpartum period compromises reproductive recovery in dairy cows; addressing hoof health is essential for fertility outcomes
  • •Energy status (NEFA levels) significantly impacts ovarian function independent of lameness; nutritional management is critical in transition period
  • •The combination of lameness and poor energy balance creates compounding negative effects on reproduction; integrated management of locomotion and nutrition is necessary to optimize breeding outcomes
  • •Horses with poor performance may have underlying musculoskeletal pain even without overt lameness signs; use RHpE to identify subtle pain indicators during ridden work
  • •Saddle fit should be routinely evaluated as a significant contributor to performance issues—37% of poor performers in this study had ill-fitting saddles
  • •Diagnostic anaesthesia combined with saddle adjustment can substantially improve ridden gait quality and reduce pain-related behavioural signs, making it a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic approach
  • •Monitor endurance horses carefully for signs of excessive hemolysis (dark urine, elevated plasma hemoglobin) as these may indicate dangerous metabolic stress and increased risk of elimination.
  • •Respect individual horse speed and distance limitations during endurance training and competition; pushing beyond these thresholds significantly increases hemolysis and metabolic compromise regardless of finishing status.
  • •Horses showing metabolic elimination criteria have already experienced severe hemolysis—prevention through appropriate conditioning and pacing is more effective than treating the condition after it occurs.
  • •Understanding national-level risk factors for lameness elimination can help identify horses at higher risk before competition and implement preventive strategies
  • •Results provide British endurance riders and their support teams with locally relevant data to reduce welfare compromises
  • •National federations can use these findings to develop evidence-based guidelines for competition eligibility and welfare monitoring
  • •Video analysis apps can be used alongside IMU systems in clinical settings, though pelvic measurements are more reliable than head measurements for lameness detection
  • •Hind limb lameness assessment benefits particularly from these systems, as pelvic symmetry measurement is challenging to evaluate subjectively by eye alone
  • •These tools are practical for referral centres and multi-site studies where standardized gait analysis is needed without expensive laboratory infrastructure
  • •Dairy producers should prioritize management strategies targeting the first 30 days of lactation, as this period represents peak health treatment costs across all parities
  • •Reproductive health management during early lactation is critical, accounting for approximately half of health treatment expenditures in this period
  • •Benchmarking herd health costs against similar operations may identify management gaps, as substantial variation exists between herds (up to 3-fold difference in first parity costs)
  • •High-concentrate diets that induce SARA significantly increase lameness risk in first-lactation dairy cows; nutritional management during transition and early lactation should prioritize rumen pH stability
  • •Severity of SARA exposure matters more than mere presence—cows experiencing SARA on >30% of days showed markedly worse claw health outcomes than those with minimal SARA exposure
  • •White line lesions are a delayed manifestation of SARA-induced metabolic stress, emerging weeks after the initial dietary challenge, suggesting preventive hoof care protocols should account for subclinical acidosis effects
  • •Heart rate variability analysis during treadmill exercise testing can help identify cardiac arrhythmias and lameness in Thoroughbreds presenting with poor performance
  • •Lower HRV during submaximal exercise may indicate lameness, while higher HRV across all phases may signal underlying arrhythmias requiring further investigation
  • •Treadmill exercise testing with HRV analysis provides objective data to differentiate between cardiac and musculoskeletal causes of poor performance in racehorses
  • •Smartphone gait analysis can now provide objective lameness detection comparable to expensive multi-camera systems, enabling routine monitoring at the barn or racetrack without specialized equipment
  • •The 2.2 mm mean difference between systems is small enough for clinical practice; use repeated assessments over time rather than single snapshots to maximize sensitivity for detecting lameness progression or improvement
  • •This tool offers an accessible way to document subtle asymmetries early and track response to treatment, potentially improving outcome documentation for insurance, sales, and client communication
  • •Monitor hoof measurements (particularly toe angle, heel length, and heel angle) during the first 6 months of training, as asymmetries commonly develop regardless of lameness occurrence
  • •Hoof unevenness alone does not appear to predispose juvenile Quarter Horses to lameness, so trimming decisions should not be based solely on measurement asymmetry
  • •Establish baseline hoof measurements before training starts to track changes and differentiate training-induced adaptation from pathological asymmetry
  • •Objective sensor systems for detecting gait asymmetry may identify subclinical lameness earlier than visual assessment alone, but the clinical significance of small asymmetries (under 10mm) remains unclear and warrants field validation
  • •When horses show gait asymmetry during in-hand trot, expect increased physiological stress indicators (elevated HRV) during ridden exercise—consider this when determining soundness for work
  • •Don't rely on single assessment methods; combine subjective lameness scoring, behavioral observation, and objective sensor data for more complete lameness evaluation, as these measures assess different aspects of equine health
  • •Do not rely on antibody serology alone to diagnose Lyme borreliosis in horses; clinical signs and epidemiological context are essential for interpretation
  • •Routine serological screening for Borrelia burgdorferi without clinical suspicion is not recommended and may lead to misdiagnosis
  • •When evaluating lameness, poor performance, or apathy in horses, consider that seropositivity does not confirm active disease—further diagnostic investigation is necessary
  • •Tiludronate is a very safe treatment option for lameness in horses, with minimal side effects reported in over 2,400 injections—mild colic is the main concern but occurs in <1% of cases
  • •Expect significant lameness improvement within 30 days in approximately half of treated horses, with sustained benefits at one year, making it suitable for performance horses
  • •Most competing horses maintain or improve their performance level post-treatment, supporting use in athletic populations seeking to return to sport
  • •Use automated activity monitoring (neck collars and milking system data) to detect early signs of claw problems before they become clinically obvious, enabling earlier intervention
  • •Watch for sudden drops in milk yield and activity levels as red flags for developing claw disorders—these changes precede visible lameness by up to 10 days
  • •Establish baseline activity and production parameters for your cows so deviations can trigger preventive hoof assessment rather than waiting for routine 6-month trimmings
  • •Abnormal behaviour during tacking-up or mounting should be treated as a red flag for underlying lameness, epaxial muscle pain, or saddle fit problems rather than a training or behavioural issue—perform a thorough lameness and saddle fit evaluation before assuming behavioural causes
  • •Pay particular attention to saddle tree point fit and epaxial muscle palpation, as these were directly linked to mounting resistance; a well-fitted saddle and pain-free back are non-negotiable foundations
  • •Educate clients that these behaviours are communication of discomfort; horses displaying resistance during tacking-up or mounting warrant veterinary assessment and tack evaluation, not punishment
  • •In-parlour assessment during milking offers a practical, high-accuracy alternative to pasture-based locomotion scoring for early lameness detection in dairy operations
  • •Using a threshold of two or more positive indicators optimises both sensitivity and specificity, making the system reliable for identifying lame animals requiring treatment
  • •Integration of in-parlour scoring into routine milking workflows could enable more consistent lameness monitoring without requiring animals to be assessed while grazing
  • •Quantitative gait analysis systems can detect subclinical asymmetries missed by visual assessment; consider baseline gait analysis as part of pre-competition screening for elite event horses
  • •A majority of elite eventing horses naturally present gait asymmetries; focus on identifying acute changes rather than absolute asymmetry values as indicators of new injury
  • •Shortened stride duration post-strenuous exercise appears to be a normal adaptive response rather than a sign of injury; monitor for persistent asymmetry changes over multiple days as more clinically relevant
  • •Quantitative gait analysis systems offer more reliable, documented evidence for lameness workups compared to visual assessment alone, improving communication with clients and other practitioners
  • •Objective gait metrics help eliminate observer bias and provide baseline measurements for tracking progression or response to treatment
  • •Consider integrating gait analysis technology into routine lameness evaluations to strengthen clinical decision-making and documentation
  • •Improved rider skill reliably produces measurable improvements in gait quality, supporting investment in rider training and education
  • •RHpE scores alone may not capture how rider skill influences horse movement; assessment should include objective gait evaluation alongside pain ethogram scoring
  • •Rider technique can modulate how pain behaviours are expressed—a horse's pain indicators may vary depending on who is riding, so serial assessments should use consistent riders when diagnosing musculoskeletal issues
  • •Lameness detection algorithms must account for breed-specific baseline motion patterns; Icelandic horses' naturally smaller vertical movements could mask subtle lameness signs requiring adjusted thresholds for this breed
  • •Understanding the temporal relationship between body segment motion and limb events provides objective reference data for evaluating gait abnormalities in different gaits and breeds
  • •Breed selection affects baseline kinematic signatures—practitioners evaluating sport horses should recognize that smaller range of motion in Icelandic horses is normal variation, not necessarily pathological
  • •Use the 24-behavior RHpE during warm-up to identify horses at risk of cross-country failure; a score ≥7 suggests 59% failure rate and warrants further veterinary investigation before competition
  • •Higher RHpE scores correlate with worse dressage performance and final placings, so systematic assessment can inform both welfare decisions and competitive expectations
  • •The RHpE is a repeatable, practical tool for detecting subtle musculoskeletal pain early, enabling earlier diagnosis and treatment to improve both welfare and performance outcomes
  • •When using quantitative gait analysis to assess lameness responses to diagnostic analgesia, pay particular attention to upper body symmetry (head, pelvis, withers) rather than just distal limb movement.
  • •Exercise conditions matter: test forelimb blocks on hard ground with the blocked leg on the inside of circles, and hindlimb blocks on soft ground, for clearest movement pattern changes.
  • •Expect moderate accuracy (38-57%) when using movement data alone to classify negative, partial, or complete responses to diagnostic analgesia; this tool should complement rather than replace clinical judgment.
  • •Always assess ridden horses for lameness and gait abnormalities, as nearly 2/3 showed problems only when ridden—in-hand assessment alone will miss significant issues affecting performance and welfare
  • •Check saddle tree point fit carefully and ensure riders sit in the middle of the saddle rather than towards the back; these factors directly correlate with horse pain and discomfort
  • •Reconsider use of crank cavesson nosebands in favour of standard cavessons or no noseband, as they are associated with higher pain indicators independent of actual mouth opening restriction
  • •Intracecal buffer injection does not mitigate starch overload effects and may worsen clinical outcomes including lameness and abdominal pain—avoid this intervention
  • •Starch overload causes dysbiosis with reduced microbial richness and diversity; management should focus on prevention of starch overload rather than attempted treatment with buffers
  • •Watch for increased laminitis risk following starch overload events; the dysbiotic shift toward amylolytic dominance correlates with lameness signs
  • •Combining free veterinary services with community education produces better long-term welfare outcomes than veterinary treatment alone—consider partnering educational components into any intervention programs
  • •Identify and empower respected community members as 'equid knowledge leaders' to accelerate adoption of better practices through peer influence rather than top-down instruction
  • •Build follow-up evaluation into welfare initiatives from the start; this study shows many programs lack long-term outcome data, limiting their ability to improve future work
  • •Low-dose detomidine (0.003 mg/kg) can safely sedate lame horses for examination without causing ataxia or coordination problems
  • •This dosing strategy minimizes alpha-2 side-effects while maintaining adequate sedation, making it a practical option for lameness evaluations
  • •Accelerometric assessment confirms that low-dose detomidine preserves motor control during the examination window, reducing safety risks
  • •Understanding lameness localization patterns in western performance horses can help inform preventive management strategies specific to this discipline
  • •This ten-year review provides baseline data on injury prevalence that can guide practitioners in recognizing common problem areas in western athletes
  • •Practitioners should consider discipline-specific demands when assessing lameness in performance horses
  • •This LPS model provides a reliable experimental tool for studying transient joint inflammation and lameness in Standardbred horses, useful for evaluating new anti-inflammatory treatments
  • •NSAIDs (meloxicam) effectively prevent lameness manifestation even when synovitis develops, suggesting prostaglandin-mediated pain is key to clinical expression
  • •The rapid onset (4 hours) and resolution (48 hours) of lameness in this model makes it suitable for short-term intervention studies
  • •Modified freestall designs with flexible partitions offer a practical middle ground between traditional freestalls and open packs, balancing hygiene improvements with cattle comfort and welfare
  • •Alternative housing systems may reduce lameness risk in heavier cattle by decreasing perching behaviour while allowing more natural extended lying postures
  • •Producers seeking to improve cattle welfare through more open lying areas can do so without fully sacrificing cleanliness and farm labour considerations
  • •Horses competing at national championship and Grand Prix challenge level show significantly more pain behaviours than World Cup competitors; systematic pain assessment using RHpE should inform veterinary evaluation before and after competition
  • •Specific pain indicators (ears back, intense stare, repeated tail swishing, toe drag, tongue-out, crooked tail) correlate with lameness and movement errors; addressing underlying musculoskeletal problems may improve both performance and welfare
  • •Higher RHpE scores inversely correlate with dressage judging scores, suggesting that pain recognition by trained observers could guide treatment decisions to enhance both competitive results and horse welfare
  • •Understanding inflammatory markers and lubricant changes in early synovitis may help identify biomarkers for early joint disease detection and monitoring in lame horses
  • •Different joint insult mechanisms (cytokine-induced vs. mechanical lavage) produce distinct synovial fluid inflammatory profiles, suggesting different therapeutic targets may be needed
  • •Serial synovial fluid analysis could potentially guide treatment decisions in managing joint inflammation and preserving articular cartilage
  • •Observe crooked tail carriage as a clinical indicator of lameness—lame horses are 8.6 times more likely to show CTC than sound horses
  • •CTC is particularly associated with hindlimb lameness, sacroiliac joint pain, and thoracolumbar muscle tension; use it as a screening sign to focus your examination on the hindquarters and back
  • •Tail position alone does not indicate which limb is lame, so do not rely on tail deviation to lateralise lameness—complete lameness evaluation is still essential
  • •When diagnosing hindlimb PSD, screen all limbs for concurrent suspensory ligament injuries, especially in young horses and heavier-bodied individuals
  • •Young horses and those with higher bodyweight:height ratios warrant closer monitoring and potentially modified work programs to prevent multiple suspensory ligament injuries
  • •Certain breeds (Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, Irish Draughts) show predisposition to concurrent suspensory injuries; consider this when assessing prognosis and rehabilitation
  • •Implement disinfection of hoof knives between each animal during foot-trimming to prevent BDD transmission—use 1:100 FAM30®, 2% Virkon®, or 2% sodium hypochlorite
  • •Foot-trimming is a significant risk activity for spreading BDD within herds; consistent knife disinfection is essential biosecurity practice
  • •All three disinfectants work equally well in field conditions, so choose based on availability, cost, and ease of use on your farm
  • •Thoroughbreds with humeral stress fractures have a good overall prognosis for returning to racing (84% success rate) with ~8 months recovery time, regardless of fracture location
  • •Caudodistal humeral stress fractures may have a slightly better competitive outlook postinjury compared to caudoproximal fractures, though all locations allow return to racing
  • •Fracture location does not significantly influence time to return to racing, so treatment decisions can be based on other clinical factors rather than anatomical site
  • •The Ridden-Horse-Ethogram is a reliable, trainable assessment tool that veterinarians can use in real time during ridden evaluations to identify lame or painful horses without requiring video analysis or extended observation periods.
  • •This behavioral scoring system helps differentiate true lameness from other performance issues (poor saddle fit, rider skill, or muscle tension alone), allowing you to direct diagnostic efforts more efficiently.
  • •After appropriate training, any veterinarian can achieve consistent application of this ethogram, making it a practical addition to lameness examinations and potentially reducing reliance on extensive subjective observation or repeat visits.
  • •Do not rely solely on BMIS straight-line trotting results for final lameness diagnosis; use them as a screening tool to guide which diagnostic modalities to pursue next
  • •Be aware that BMIS significantly over-identifies combined lameness patterns (56.6% vs 10.9% confirmed), meaning many horses flagged as 'combined lame' will have single-limb or non-limb-related issues on full workup
  • •Trust BMIS most when it shows no lameness (92% confirmation rate) or single-limb lameness patterns consistent with diagonal or sagittal compensatory movement; be most skeptical of combined lameness classifications
  • •The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram is a practical tool for identifying musculoskeletal pain in working horses; an RHpE score of 8 or higher warrants veterinary evaluation even when lameness appears subtle
  • •Owner/rider perception of horse comfort is unreliable—over 70% of horses in this 'comfortable' sample showed detectable lameness, emphasizing the need for objective assessment methods
  • •Rider skill significantly influences pain expression; investment in rider training may improve both horse welfare outcomes and the reliability of pain assessments during ridden work
  • •Group housing significantly reduces respiratory disease and colic risk compared to tie-stall systems—consider transitioning riding schools where feasible
  • •Tack-related skin injuries are more common in confined housing; implement regular saddle fitting checks and skin inspections, especially in tie-stall facilities
  • •Implement independent feeding assessments at riding schools since 25-32% of horses are overweight despite appearing healthy—this impacts soundness and longevity
  • •Lameness is the dominant welfare concern in endurance competitions; veterinary screening and pre-competition assessment of soundness should be prioritized
  • •Metabolic elimination risk increases with horse age and ride distance; riders should adjust training and nutrition strategies accordingly, particularly for older horses attempting longer rides
  • •Risk factors vary by location and season; event organizers and competitors should tailor conditioning and management practices to local and temporal conditions
  • •Dorsolateral approach may offer improved success rates compared to the medial approach for centrodistal joint injections in lameness cases
  • •Radiographic guidance utility for centrodistal joint injection requires further investigation to guide clinical practice
  • •Consider alternative injection approaches when medial access proves unsuccessful
  • •Fully-floored mastic asphalt barn surfaces significantly increase risk of thin soles and associated claw lesions in dairy cattle; partial flooring systems are superior for hoof health
  • •Flooring type choice has measurable impacts on sole horn thickness and lameness prevalence — PMA systems should be preferred where feasible to reduce preventable hoof pathology
  • •Monitor claw health more intensively in herds housed on abrasive surfaces; consider flooring modifications as a primary intervention for reducing thin soles and white-line disease
  • •Overweight and obese horses (BCS ≥6/9) show elevated inflammatory markers; weight management may reduce joint disease risk and lameness incidence
  • •Both absolute body weight and body condition score correlate with systemic inflammation (plasma PGE2); consider both metrics when assessing joint disease risk
  • •Activity level modulates the inflammatory effect of excess body fat; investigate whether controlled exercise programs can mitigate obesity-related joint inflammation in your clients' horses
  • •If using tiludronate for bone conditions, be aware that detection times for doping control vary based on individual horse factors including training level, not just dose
  • •This study provides evidence that field conditions produce different pharmacokinetics than experimental settings, so racing/competition authorities should use field-derived detection windows rather than laboratory data
  • •Tiludronate clearance appears to be influenced by horse training status, which may affect both therapeutic efficacy and regulatory compliance timelines
  • •Understanding the prevalence and types of race-day veterinary events enables racing veterinarians and practitioners to prioritize prevention strategies for the most common conditions
  • •Baseline epidemiological data from this large-scale study supports evidence-based approaches to improving racehorse welfare and reducing injury rates
  • •Results inform risk management protocols and can guide targeted interventions for specific injury types affecting flat racing Thoroughbreds
  • •Owner observations of laminitis are reliable enough to include in epidemiological research; when owners suspect laminitis, they are likely correct, making owner reports valuable for disease surveillance.
  • •Almost half of veterinary laminitis cases go unrecognised by owners, suggesting many horses receive delayed treatment—targeted owner education about early laminitis signs (especially divergent growth rings and hoof heat) could improve early detection and outcomes.
  • •Farriers and veterinarians should communicate more clearly with owners about laminitis risk factors and clinical signs, as owners tend to attribute laminitis to other conditions like foot abscesses or undefined lameness, delaying appropriate management.
  • •Lungeing should be incorporated into lameness examinations because it can reveal subtle lameness not visible at straight-line trotting
  • •Be aware that multiple raters may reach different conclusions during lungeing assessments—establish clear evaluation criteria and consider objective measurement tools to reduce subjectivity
  • •The circular path accentuates compensatory movement patterns, making it valuable for detecting low-grade lameness but requiring experienced interpretation
  • •Moderate reduction in high-intensity training volume can meaningfully reduce training interruptions and loss of conditioning time in young Standardbreds
  • •Objective gait analysis can detect transient asymmetries induced by new training modalities; monitor closely when introducing interval or hill work and expect temporary gait changes that typically resolve seasonally
  • •Early qualification success correlates with better baseline locomotion symmetry and lower lameness; this may indicate that naturally more symmetrical movers are at lower risk during intensive training
  • •If using inertial sensor gait analysis in multi-centre studies, expect systematic differences between the two common systems; differences up to ~10 mm in head movement or ~5 mm in pelvic movement may reflect equipment variation rather than true lameness changes
  • •Pelvic measurements are more reproducible between systems than head measurements, so prioritise pelvic symmetry data when comparing horses assessed on different equipment
  • •Avoid switching between systems mid-investigation on individual horses, as this introduces measurement noise that could obscure genuine lameness progression
  • •Movement asymmetry is common in working polo horses and should not be automatically attributed to unilateral lameness or age-related degeneration
  • •Practitioners should interpret gait asymmetry findings cautiously in polo populations, as high baseline asymmetry may reflect training demands rather than pathology
  • •Assessment protocols for polo horses need to account for population-level asymmetry patterns to avoid over-diagnosis of lameness
  • •Compost bedding systems substantially reduce specific claw disorders (particularly white line disease and heel horn erosion) compared to conventional cubicle housing, despite similar overall lameness rates—worth considering when evaluating barn designs
  • •Flooring type and breed are significant factors affecting claw health independent of bedding choice; these parameters should be optimized alongside housing system selection
  • •While lameness prevalence was comparable, the lesion profile differs markedly between systems, suggesting bedding type influences disease pathogenesis rather than simply preventing all lameness
  • •Check saddle fit more frequently than annually—well-fitted saddles require regular assessment to maintain proper fit and prevent lameness
  • •Recognize that saddle slip and poorly fitted saddles are directly linked to lameness and gait problems; educate horse owners about this critical connection
  • •Poor saddle fit causes rider back pain through altered biomechanics (stiff canter, reduced stride phase)—investing in proper saddle fit protects both horse and rider health
  • •Measure cardiac recovery time at every vet gate—horses exceeding 11-13 minutes (depending on stage) have significantly elevated elimination risk and warrant closer monitoring or withdrawal consideration
  • •Use cardiac recovery time alongside average speed data to identify at-risk horses early in the event, potentially preventing welfare compromise from continued competition
  • •Early detection of unfit horses using these objective variables supports evidence-based veterinary decision-making at vet gates and improves horse welfare in endurance competition
  • •Owner education and participatory engagement can be structured as a systematic intervention to address lameness in working horses
  • •Working horses in developing regions face significant lameness and limb abnormality issues that may benefit from accessible, community-based management approaches
  • •Welfare improvements in working horses require long-term (2+ year) commitment to owner education and behavior change
  • •Working horses in resource-limited settings have extremely high lameness rates (90-100%), suggesting management interventions are urgently needed to improve welfare
  • •Understanding which specific management changes reduce lameness risk could inform practical, achievable improvements for working horse owners with limited resources
  • •Longitudinal monitoring and targeted owner education on management practices may be effective strategies for reducing limb problems in working horse populations
  • •Standard radiographs may miss or underestimate incomplete P1 fractures; CT imaging should be used for definitive diagnosis and treatment planning
  • •These fractures show significant variation in location (dorsopalmar/plantar), requiring individual imaging assessment to guide management decisions
  • •Mean lameness duration of 8.7 weeks suggests these are chronic injuries; early advanced imaging and intervention may improve outcomes
  • •Lameness is the dominant elimination factor in international endurance competitions; pre-ride soundness assessment and conditioning programs are critical
  • •Significant geographic variation in elimination rates suggests different management practices, terrain, and veterinary standards affect outcomes—study your competition venue's track record
  • •Race distance and field size influence elimination risk; larger entries and longer rides increase lameness eliminations, indicating training adequacy and pacing strategy matter
  • •Assume all working donkeys have some degree of gait abnormality and conduct thorough lameness assessments; use the described standardised protocol to identify severity and target interventions
  • •Prioritise body condition improvement and monitor for conformational issues (especially forward-at-the-knee), as these are modifiable risk factors associated with worse lameness outcomes
  • •Assess feet, joints, and spine systematically during clinical examination—pain responses in these areas predict lameness severity and should guide treatment priorities in resource-limited settings
  • •Expect lameness in working military horses at approximately 25 cases per 100 horses annually; cellulitis and skin wounds account for more than one-third of cases in this population
  • •Most lameness cases (88%) resolve and return to full work, suggesting prognosis is generally favorable with appropriate management
  • •Foot and shoeing problems remain a significant concern (11.6% of cases); farriers should prioritize preventive hoof care in working populations
  • •Saddle slip should be investigated as a potential indicator of hindlimb or concurrent forelimb lameness rather than assuming only saddle fit or rider issues are responsible
  • •When addressing saddle slip, clinically assess the horse's gait (particularly in canter) and hindlimb function alongside evaluating saddle fit and rider alignment
  • •Many lame horses in the general sports population go unrecognized; saddle slip may be an important clinical sign prompting lameness investigation
  • •Always test heel bulb skin sensitivity after DFTS analgesia to avoid misinterpreting nerve block effects as pain relief from deep structures—this is critical for accurate lameness diagnosis
  • •Use axial, base, or distal injection techniques preferentially over proximal technique to minimize inadvertent desensitisation of palmar/plantar digital nerves
  • •Recognize that unilateral lateral heel bulb desensitisation is a common expected finding and does not necessarily indicate successful diagnostic analgesia of the primary pain source
  • •Reduce racing frequency in endurance horses to lower lameness elimination risk; adequate recovery time (>90 days between rides) is protective
  • •Be aware that terrain type (deep sand/soil) and venue characteristics significantly increase metabolic exhaustion risk—adjust training and conditioning accordingly
  • •Track conditions and venue-specific factors play a major role in elimination outcomes; consider these environmental stressors when preparing horses for endurance competition
  • •Routine dental examinations and management are critical in geriatric horse care, with nearly all animals requiring intervention for diastemata, wear patterns, or overgrowths
  • •Lameness assessment must include trot evaluation, as 50% of geriatric horses showed lameness at trot despite only 18.6% showing lameness at walk, requiring thorough musculoskeletal examination
  • •Ophthalmic and respiratory screening should be incorporated into geriatric health assessments, with special attention to subtle lower airway disease that may only manifest on rebreathing
  • •Inertial sensors offer a practical alternative to subjective lameness assessment, improving diagnostic consistency in mild cases
  • •Technology can be deployed in routine practice settings (over ground) rather than requiring specialized equipment or controlled environments
  • •Objective sensor data may reduce reliance on subjective judgment, particularly valuable for detecting subtle lameness that differs between observers
  • •Duration of flexion testing matters: 5-second and 60-second tests produce different results, so standardise your protocol and be consistent within your practice
  • •If using shorter 5-second flexion tests, recognise they are less sensitive than 60-second flexion and may miss some positive responses
  • •Test order affects interpretation—perform flexion tests in a consistent sequence and be aware that fatigue may influence subsequent limbs being tested
  • •Do not rely solely on owner-reported health problems in geriatric horses; conduct thorough veterinary examinations as owners consistently underestimate disease prevalence, particularly for dental disease, cardiac murmurs, and lameness
  • •Implement improved owner education and increase veterinary involvement in geriatric horse care to enable earlier disease detection and intervention, especially for conditions not readily observable by owners
  • •Tarsal and metacarpophalangeal joint range of motion is significantly reduced in horses with osteoarthritis, providing objective assessment tools when owner reports may be unreliable
  • •Combining systemic NSAIDs with intrasynovial glucocorticosteroid injection significantly improves treatment success for synovial pain conditions compared to either approach alone—consider combination therapy as first-line treatment
  • •MCPJ and DFTS lesions respond much better to treatment than DIPJ involvement; set more conservative expectations and prognosis when DIPJ is affected
  • •Over half of horses receiving combination therapy return to previous performance within six months, making this a worthwhile treatment investment for suitable cases
  • •Sales preparation exercise programmes are already individualized on many farms; this variation suggests opportunity to optimize protocols based on each horse's intended career path
  • •Lameness risk varies significantly between farms despite similar preparation protocols, indicating that farm-specific management factors warrant investigation
  • •Exercise duration differences by gender suggest that tailored exercise prescriptions may be warranted for colts versus fillies during sales preparation
  • •Long-distance transport for slaughter routinely violates animal welfare regulations; practitioners should be aware that compliance failures are systemic, not isolated incidents
  • •Acute injuries and lameness increase substantially during transport, suggesting inadequate vehicle design, loading practices, or journey management—these are preventable welfare issues
  • •The high rate of horses deemed unfit for transport upon arrival indicates pre-existing fitness assessment failures; better pre-transport evaluation protocols are needed to prevent unnecessary suffering
  • •Subjective lameness evaluation by eye alone is unreliable for detecting mild lameness—consider supplementing clinical assessment with objective diagnostic tools when mild lameness is suspected
  • •Moderate-to-severe lameness is reasonably reliable to identify by visual inspection, but agreement breaks down significantly for subtle gait abnormalities
  • •Multiple clinicians examining the same horse may reach different conclusions, particularly regarding which limb is affected; this has implications for case discussion, second opinions, and treatment planning
  • •Hoof circumference measurement is a simple, practical field method to objectively track hoof shape changes in training horses—useful for early detection of potential pathological changes before clinical lameness emerges
  • •Young racehorses in training show predictable hoof contraction (~0.6 mm/week) that reverses during rest periods, suggesting this may be a normal physiological response rather than necessarily pathological
  • •Monitor hoof circumference changes as a potential early indicator of training-related stress; progressive or non-reversible circumference loss may warrant investigation into training intensity, farrier management, or hoof health
  • •Lameness in working horses in developing countries is multilimb, multifactorial and severe—expect multiple concurrent pathologies rather than single-cause lameness
  • •Universal presence of chronic foot pathology and joint disease suggests prevention through improved farriery, work management and nutrition is critical since the damage is already established in working populations
  • •Assessment must evaluate all four limbs and the spine together, as gait abnormalities and pain are distributed across the entire locomotor system in these populations
  • •Lameness continues to be a major cause of lost training days in young racehorses—focus preventive efforts on musculoskeletal health
  • •Monitor training practices across yards to identify which management and conditioning protocols most effectively reduce injury rates
  • •Consider benchmarking your yard's injury rates against these UK data to identify areas for improvement in horse welfare and training efficiency
  • •Focal scintigraphic uptake in the palmar processes warrants MRI investigation, as it is associated with structural changes and potential lameness contribution
  • •Medial palmar process abnormalities should be specifically evaluated and correlated with clinical lameness, as they may be incidental or contributory
  • •MRI should be considered a complementary diagnostic tool when scintigraphy shows IRU in palmar processes, rather than relying on imaging alone to determine clinical significance
  • •Force sensor technology integrated into dairy handling facilities provides objective, continuous lameness monitoring without requiring additional staff time or handling
  • •Force sensors are particularly useful for rapid detection of hoof lesions (sole ulcers, white line disease) but should be combined with traditional locomotion scoring for joint problem assessment
  • •This technology enables earlier intervention by identifying subtle weight-bearing changes before clinical signs become obvious to observers
  • •Improve housing conditions around the time of calving—even short-term, low-cost husbandry improvements in cubicle systems can significantly reduce heifer lameness by reducing stress on compromised feet
  • •Recognize that parturition causes temporary weakening of hoof connective tissue resilience; manage environmental stresses (flooring, housing type) particularly carefully in pregnant and newly lactating heifers
  • •Diet manipulation alone will not address parturition-related hoof problems; focus management efforts on housing quality and biomechanical support rather than nutritional interventions
  • •Blinding the observer to nerve block administration is critical for valid lameness assessment; knowing a block has been done can artificially inflate improvement scores by 0.4 grades
  • •Lameness grading should ideally be performed by experienced orthopaedic specialists, as non-experts show significantly poorer inter-observer agreement and greater susceptibility to bias
  • •Standardized, blinded assessment protocols are essential when evaluating diagnostic blocks to avoid expectation bias influencing clinical decision-making
  • •If your horse has lameness caused by keratoma, surgical removal offers substantially better outcomes (83% vs 42% return to performance) and should be the first-line treatment despite longer recovery time
  • •Expect 2-3 months hospitalization and recovery for surgical cases, but plan for potentially extended lameness if pursuing conservative management without equivalent success rates
  • •Discuss surgical option early with your veterinarian rather than attempting conservative treatment first, as this retrospective data shows surgery delivers superior functional outcomes
  • •Nuclear scintigraphy can support clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint disease but should never be used in isolation; always correlate imaging findings with clinical signs and other diagnostic tests
  • •Asymmetrical radiopharmaceutical uptake and abnormal L5-to-SI joint ratios are suggestive of SI joint involvement, particularly when marked left-right differences are present
  • •Remember that lameness from other causes can produce similar scintigraphic findings, so SI joint disease diagnosis requires a multi-modal approach combining imaging, palpation, and response to diagnostic anesthesia
  • •Radiographic findings must be interpreted alongside clinical lameness examination—radiographic changes alone, particularly in the tarsus, do not reliably predict future soundness or performance
  • •Horses with significant tarsal osteoarthritis can still compete at their expected level, so purchasers should not reflexively reject horses based on tarsal radiographs alone
  • •Prepurchase examinations significantly influence sale outcomes; ensure radiographic interpretation is contextual to the individual horse's clinical presentation and intended use
  • •Quantitative scintigraphic assessment combined with local analgesia blocks can help pinpoint the source of foot pain in lame horses, but should not be interpreted in isolation—correlation with clinical response is essential
  • •Be cautious interpreting DDFT insertion region findings as these frequently produce false positives, particularly in horses with low heel conformation; lateral pool phase imaging is more reliable for DDFT pathology
  • •Normal navicular bone uptake should show <10% variance compared to peripheral distal phalanx regions; significant increases suggest navicular pain even without radiological changes
  • •Always exercise horses for 15 minutes at trot and canter before nuclear scintigraphy of the distal limb to optimize image quality and diagnostic accuracy
  • •Pre-injection bandaging does not improve radiopharmaceutical uptake, so it is not necessary for diagnostic purposes
  • •Thermographic assessment of foot surface temperature may be a useful non-invasive screening tool to predict distal limb perfusion status
  • •Housing system significantly impacts claw horn lesion development in early lactation; straw yards reduce lesion severity compared to cubicles, potentially through different heel characteristics and reduced concussive forces
  • •Forage type effects are housing-dependent; wet feeding is problematic only in cubicle systems, suggesting management strategies should be tailored to specific housing configurations
  • •Systemic changes from calving and lactation onset initiate lesion development, but external factors (housing and feeding) determine final severity—focus management interventions around the periparturient period
  • •The BCM moves much less than the visible trunk during locomotion, indicating horses naturally stabilize their centre of mass for efficiency and load distribution
  • •Understanding normal BCM movement patterns provides baseline reference for identifying abnormal gait patterns associated with lameness or training issues
  • •Assessment of BCM movement could be used clinically to evaluate effects of therapeutic interventions, rider influence, and athletic performance in dressage horses
  • •Monitor lactating heifers closely for hoof lesions at housing, as they show increased lesion severity compared to pregnant animals
  • •Observe lying behaviour patterns as an early indicator of hoof pain—reduced lying and increased cubicle standing may signal developing linear lesions requiring intervention
  • •Housing design and management should prioritize comfort for early lactation animals, as metabolic demands and hoof lesion severity are higher during this production stage
  • •Detomidine offers a pharmacological option for managing chronic hoof pain in laminitic horses, with clinically meaningful analgesia lasting approximately one hour at therapeutic doses
  • •The 40 µg/kg dose provides superior pain relief but practitioners should consider individual horse response; 20 µg/kg may offer adequate analgesia with potentially fewer side effects
  • •Detomidine administration should be timed to coincide with necessary therapeutic procedures or farriery work to maximize benefit during the 25-55 minute window of peak analgesic effect
  • •Consider femoral nerve compression from iliopsoas myopathy in endurance horses presenting with stifle extension lameness; transrectal ultrasound can provide definitive diagnosis
  • •Transrectal ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating femoral nerve involvement when clinical signs suggest nerve dysfunction
  • •Even severe femoral neuropathy secondary to muscle myopathy can resolve completely with appropriate management, allowing return to athletic function
  • •Combined physical therapy modalities (magnetotherapy, laser, shock wave therapy) may be effective for ALDDFT injuries even in older horses with delayed treatment
  • •Ultrasonography and thermography provide objective monitoring tools to track healing progress and inform ongoing treatment decisions
  • •Age and treatment delay should not preclude pursuit of multimodal rehabilitation strategies for flexor tendon and ligament injuries
  • •When lameness persists despite farriery intervention and conventional radiography shows unusual radiolucencies near ligament attachments, advance imaging (MRI) is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning
  • •Aneurysmal bone cysts in the metacarpal region involving the suspensory ligament may have a guarded prognosis; imaging must characterize the lesion's extent and involvement of surrounding structures before committing to surgery
  • •Multimodal imaging (radiography, ultrasound, MRI) is necessary for complex metacarpal lesions—no single modality captured the full pathology in this case
  • •PL-PIPJ desmitis can be a primary cause of lameness in horses and should not be overlooked; critical evaluation on MR is warranted in lameness cases
  • •Periligamentous oedema around abaxial ligaments is a useful indicator to prompt closer assessment for desmitis on MR examination
  • •Differentiation between specific abaxial ligaments on low-field MR is unreliable; consider high-field imaging or correlation with clinical signs when diagnostic clarity is needed
  • •Treponema-associated hoof disease in cervids shows poor natural immunity development; vaccination strategies may need to be explored as prevention unlikely through natural exposure
  • •High antibody titers do not indicate protection against this hoof disease, suggesting humoral immunity alone is insufficient for disease control
  • •Gamma-delta T cell involvement in early lesions may represent a distinct immunological mechanism worth investigating for therapeutic intervention
  • •When examining lame campdraft horses, expect distal forelimb pathology more frequently than in other equine disciplines; prioritize thorough distal limb assessment
  • •Diagnostic anaesthesia combined with radiography is often sufficient for diagnosis (41% of cases); reserve ultrasonography for cases where imaging remains inconclusive
  • •Bilateral forelimb lameness occurs in 13% of campdraft horses, suggesting the sport's demands may impose symmetrical loading stresses—evaluate both forelimbs even if one appears clinically worse
  • •Consider Lyme disease (B. burgdorferi) in horses presenting with acute tarsocrural joint effusion and eosinophilic synovitis, particularly in endemic regions, even if PCR is negative.
  • •Serology may be more sensitive than PCR for diagnosing B. burgdorferi-associated synovitis; combine diagnostic tests for better detection.
  • •Extended antibiotic therapy (minocycline) may be necessary for Lyme disease-associated synovitis, and recurrence months later should prompt repeat serological testing and further treatment.
  • •This IMU-based system offers a practical, affordable field tool for objective lameness detection that could reduce reliance on subjective visual assessment
  • •Early detection capability may help catch subtle gait changes before they develop into clinical lameness, supporting preventive management
  • •The single-sensor design makes this technology potentially deployable at yard level without specialized equipment or expertise
  • •Consider parasitic infection when hoof abscesses fail to respond to standard treatment protocols—diagnostic imaging and thorough examination of abscess contents may reveal unexpected aetiologies
  • •Strongylus vulgaris can migrate ectopically to unusual sites causing lameness; implement flock/herd anthelmintic screening and strategic deworming to prevent aberrant infections
  • •Combination of surgical drainage, wound management with medicinal fly larvae, and appropriate anthelmintic therapy was effective; ensure follow-up coproscopy to confirm parasite elimination
  • •Use both MRI and CT imaging together when investigating fetlock lameness in sports horses, as each modality reveals different pathology—MRI excels at soft tissue and bone marrow edema, while CT is superior for detecting cortical bone resorption and fractures.
  • •Do not rely on MRI alone for fetlock diagnosis; resorptive lesions of the metacarpal condyles and some proximal phalanx abnormalities may be missed, potentially leading to incomplete treatment planning.
  • •Expect MRI STIR signal abnormalities to be more extensive than CT findings in proximal phalanx lesions; this does not indicate imaging error but reflects different tissue sensitivity.
  • •You can safely reduce mepivacaine volume to 0.5 mL per nerve for abaxial sesamoid blocks while maintaining effectiveness for digital pain diagnosis and treatment
  • •Using lower anesthetic volumes may improve localization of pain to the digit, potentially making diagnostic blocks more specific
  • •This finding challenges the conventional wisdom of using higher volumes and could reduce cost and anesthetic exposure in routine practice
  • •Standing sedation with local anesthesia is a viable, safer alternative to general anesthesia for keratoma removal with excellent long-term outcomes (93% return to work)
  • •Expect early postoperative lameness in only 10% of cases and plan farriery support accordingly for rapid recovery
  • •This technique reduces surgical risk and recovery time compared to general anesthesia, making it practical for client-owned working horses
  • •Understanding normal MRI appearance of manica flexoria is essential for identifying partial tears and lameness cases, as this structure was previously poorly characterized on imaging
  • •Expect asymmetrical thickness patterns between medial and lateral aspects that differ between forelimbs and hindlimbs—use proximal fourth region as reference for normal thickness comparison
  • •Manica flexoria signal intensity variation (hyperintense to isointense) is normal and should not be misinterpreted as pathology when evaluating MRI for lameness diagnosis
  • •Integrin α10-selected MSC therapy shows promise for treating post-traumatic OA by normalizing aberrant miRNA expression patterns associated with disease progression
  • •miRNA profiling in cartilage and synovial membrane may help identify OA severity and predict treatment response in clinical cases
  • •This foundational research supports further investigation of MSC-based therapies to reduce training loss and premature retirement due to OA-related lameness
  • •MSC-based regenerative therapy combined with conditioned medium may offer promise for treating full and partial-thickness articular cartilage defects in high-performance horses, though this case required two treatment cycles.
  • •Clinical soundness and return to athletic function can occur even when imaging shows incomplete radiographic healing, suggesting functional tissue remodeling continues after treatment.
  • •This innovative approach warrants further investigation through controlled trials to establish optimal dosing, timing, and patient selection criteria for clinical adoption.
  • •Consider onchocerciasis in the differential diagnosis for imported European Warmbloods presenting with multifocal suspensory ligament desmitis paired with subcutaneous masses
  • •Ultrasound showing hyperechoic foci within suspensory ligament branches alongside verminous granulomas should raise suspicion for Onchocerca sp. infection
  • •Biopsy of subcutaneous lesions may be necessary to confirm diagnosis, as medical management with ivermectin alone may not be curative in advanced cases
  • •Consider rib fractures in horses presenting with poor performance or resistance to work, not just after obvious trauma—clinical palpation alone is unreliable for diagnosis
  • •Use ultrasonography as first-line imaging after scintigraphy for confirming rib fractures; radiography has poor sensitivity (42%) and should not be relied upon alone
  • •Most rib fractures can be managed conservatively with good outcomes (51% return to previous level); surgery is reserved for non-healing fractures with persistent clinical signs
  • •The adapted RHpE is a repeatable tool for identifying pain in ridden Icelandic horses and may help detect lameness that riders assume is absent — consider using it alongside traditional lameness assessment
  • •The very high prevalence of pain indicators (96%) in this population suggests systematic assessment of ridden horses for pain is warranted in routine practice
  • •Caution needed when interpreting RHpE scores in Icelandic horses until validation is completed with non-lame horses in properly fitted tack; current threshold may need adjustment for this breed
  • •Routine hoof trimming produces variable effects on hoof impact kinetics across different hooves; monitor individual responses rather than assuming uniform effects
  • •Hind hooves may show more responsive kinetic changes to trimming than front hooves, suggesting potential importance of hindlimb trimming strategy
  • •Current findings in Arabians are limited; results from your breed/discipline may differ—use this as baseline evidence only
  • •Extra-articular surgical approach with absorbable implants offers a viable treatment option for SCLs in the humeral head and talus when standard approaches may be limited
  • •Consider this technique for racing and performance horses with radiographically visible SCLs causing severe lameness, as both cases returned to athletic function
  • •Use of biocompatible, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive implants appears beneficial for promoting healing and reducing cyst size in these challenging locations
  • •Prepare geriatric horse owners for the likelihood of euthanasia decisions, particularly related to colic, lameness, and age-related decline rather than expecting natural death
  • •PPID management should focus on maintaining welfare and quality of life rather than extending lifespan, as treatment alone does not increase longevity in geriatric horses
  • •Implement proactive management strategies for lameness and colic prevention in horses over 15 years, as these are leading causes of euthanasia decisions
  • •All therapy horses should undergo regular objective lameness assessment with modern technology (e.g., Lameness Locator®) before therapeutic use, as 90% in this study had detectable lameness
  • •Even mild lameness affects the biomechanical signals delivered to riders; select only sound or minimally lame horses for therapeutic work to maximize therapeutic benefit
  • •Establish a veterinary health monitoring protocol for therapy horses including objective gait analysis, as subjective clinical assessment alone misses significant lameness
  • •PRP with polylactic acid scaffolding is a viable postoperative management option for extensive hoof wall defects following keratoma removal
  • •Repeated PRP applications (6 times over 18 days) combined with regular wound cleaning supports optimal tissue healing and regeneration
  • •This approach may allow horses to return to normal function after complete hoof wall resection, though 6-8 months recovery time should be expected
  • •Hoof trimming reduces lying time in cows with claw horn lesions, suggesting pain relief and improved comfort post-treatment
  • •Lying behaviour duration and patterns can serve as practical on-farm indicators of hoof lesion presence and severity when mobility scoring is unavailable
  • •Post-trimming changes in lying behaviour differ by lesion type, highlighting the importance of targeted hoof health management for loose-housed dairy systems
  • •CEUS with agitated solution provides a reliable real-time method to confirm successful intrasynovial injection placement and identify failed injections in live horses
  • •This technique can detect unexpected synovial pathology such as intersynovial communications that may affect injection success and treatment planning
  • •Consider adopting CEUS as a quality control measure for therapeutic synovial injections to improve clinical outcomes and client confidence
  • •Bioabsorbable screws offer a viable surgical option for stabilizing unicortical condylar fractures in racehorses, with this case demonstrating successful return to competition
  • •Combined imaging approach (radiography + MRI) provides comprehensive assessment of fracture healing and surgical outcome
  • •Consider bioabsorbable fixation as an alternative to traditional metallic implants in young athletic horses to avoid potential revision surgery
  • •Use MRI to fully characterize concurrent bone and soft tissue pathology before surgery in metacarpal exostosis cases with ligament involvement
  • •MRI follow-up imaging helps establish realistic timelines for rehabilitation and return to work after surgical treatment
  • •Surgical management of exostosis with associated desmitis can be successful when properly planned with advanced imaging
  • •Synovial sepsis without an obvious entry wound or remote infection source can occur in adult racehorses; maintain high clinical suspicion when lameness accompanies synovial effusion
  • •Gram-positive cocci are the typical isolates in culture-positive cases and respond well to cephalosporin therapy; early antimicrobial treatment alongside surgical management improves survival
  • •Even without identifying the source of bacteraemia, aggressive synovial treatment (endoscopy, lavage, regional perfusion) combined with systemic antimicrobials offers good prognosis for return to racing within 6-7 months
  • •CT imaging at 300 mA should be preferred over X-ray and lower-dose CT for detecting joint pathology and exostosis in donkey limbs that may appear normal on radiographs
  • •Anatomical knowledge of joint recess locations and soft tissue anatomy is relevant for planning injection sites and anesthesia approaches in clinical donkey practice
  • •Donkey metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint anatomy differs from horses; practitioners should not assume equine anatomical relationships apply directly to donkeys
  • •TEA in saliva may serve as a non-invasive biomarker for lameness detection and severity assessment in cattle, potentially enabling earlier intervention
  • •Salivary biomarkers could complement visual and clinical lameness assessment protocols currently used in herd health management
  • •Further research with larger populations and multiple lameness etiologies is needed before TEA can be recommended for clinical diagnostic use
  • •Hypercalcemia is always abnormal in equine patients and warrants systematic investigation; primary hyperparathyroidism should be included in differential diagnoses alongside more common causes like renal disease and malignancy.
  • •Atypical neurological presentations such as headshaking combined with chronic lameness, back pain, and recurrent colic may indicate metabolic disease—consider measuring serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH concentrations as part of diagnostic workup.
  • •When hypercalcemia is confirmed, perform fractional excretion studies of calcium and phosphorus and measure PTH to distinguish primary hyperparathyroidism from other etiologies, as treatment options and prognosis differ significantly.
  • •The T-ligament is not a true ligament but a vascularised elastic connective tissue structure—this distinction may affect how we interpret imaging findings and clinical presentations in heel pain cases
  • •The elastic-rich composition and blood vessel penetration suggest the T-ligament may play a role in shock absorption and nutrient supply to the deep digital flexor tendon rather than traditional load-bearing support
  • •Further clinical research is needed to determine whether T-ligament pathology contributes to foot lameness and how it should be managed differently from true ligamentous injuries
  • •For cattle laminitis diagnosis on beef farms where pain assessment is difficult, filmed locomotion scoring is the most reliable non-invasive method—use it as your primary screening tool
  • •Infrared thermography is sensitive but generates many false positives; use it as a supplementary tool only, not for definitive diagnosis
  • •Force plate analysis requires specialized equipment but may be useful in research settings or high-value animals where objective gait metrics guide treatment decisions
  • •Small, non-painful subchondral lucencies in young horses may resolve with rest alone, but larger or painful lesions typically require surgical intervention
  • •Screw fixation is an effective treatment option for persistent proximal tibial subchondral lucencies causing lameness, improving both radiographic appearance and clinical soundness
  • •Conservative management should be attempted first in young horses without lameness; failure to improve within a reasonable timeframe warrants consideration of surgical intervention
  • •Pack donkeys and cart horses in this region require species-specific management: focus on back and tail sore prevention in donkeys through improved saddle fit and harness design, and girth sore management in cart horses through better equipment maintenance and hygiene
  • •Hoof overgrowth is a critical welfare issue affecting both species (35-62% prevalence) — establish regular farriery services and owner education on hoof care as a priority intervention
  • •Epizootic lymphangitis in cart horses (10.7% prevalence) requires targeted disease control and biosecurity measures, while systemic issues (feed, water, housing, training methods causing abnormal behavior) must be addressed through government support and capacity building for local animal health professionals
  • •Acoustic analysis of footfall patterns may enable early detection of claw lesions before clinical lameness becomes obvious to visual assessment
  • •The observation that non-infectious lesions show different sound signatures than infectious lesions suggests this technology could help differentiate lesion types for targeted treatment
  • •Automated footfall sound monitoring could improve welfare management in high-volume dairy operations by enabling rapid, objective screening of multiple animals
  • •This validated three-point gait scoring system provides a reliable tool for farmers and veterinarians to identify lame cattle and prioritize those needing hoof care intervention
  • •The system shows strong agreement with clinical claw findings, making it suitable for on-farm lameness assessment and monitoring herd health
  • •The intermediate lameness category (uneven gait) shows weaker correlation with claw lesions, suggesting this group may need more detailed evaluation to guide intervention decisions
  • •This parapoxvirus case in wild cervids demonstrates that poxviruses can cause severe, potentially fatal foot disease in non-domestic ungulates—farriers and veterinarians should be alert to similar presentations in other species
  • •The high morbidity and mortality suggests this pathogen could be a significant conservation and herd health threat; rapid diagnostic response and biosecurity measures are critical when unusual foot disease outbreaks occur
  • •Affected animals showed progressive clinical signs (lameness → swelling → ulceration → proliferative changes → recumbency) that would benefit from early intervention, though treatment protocols are not established for this condition
  • •CT-guided debridement with an aiming device offers a precise, reproducible technique for treating subchondral cystic lesions with high success rates and minimal risk of damage to surrounding bone
  • •Surgical time is reasonable (average 75 minutes) making this a practical approach for referral centers with CT capability
  • •This technique may improve outcomes compared to conventional arthroscopic or blind debridement by ensuring complete lesion curettage and optimal positioning
  • •Foot care is critical and urgent on Gili Trawangan—92% foot pathology prevalence suggests systematic farriery education and accessible hoof care services could dramatically improve working pony welfare
  • •Baseline health data demonstrates that education interventions targeting drivers about signs of injury/illness and work cessation could prevent welfare deterioration and work-related injury progression
  • •Remote island populations with limited veterinary access need portable wound management and preventive care protocols that drivers can implement—farriers and lay handlers must be trained as first responders
  • •Recent lameness in the 3 months before a catastrophic event is a red flag—investigate thoroughly before returning horses to racing intensity
  • •High medication usage is common in both injured and uninjured racehorses; focus on identifying horses showing lameness signs rather than medication use alone as a risk factor
  • •A sudden decrease in racing intensity after a period of high intensity may indicate underlying musculoskeletal compromise—do not assume improvement means safety to resume normal work
  • •Implement management strategies to reduce kick injuries in group-housing systems, as kicks are the leading cause of fractures in equine populations
  • •Early assessment of lameness severity and fracture comminution grade is critical for prognostic counseling, as these factors strongly influence recovery outcomes
  • •Open fractures from kicks carry higher infection risk and warrant aggressive wound management and monitoring protocols
  • •Consider deep digital flexor tendon infection in horses presenting with prolonged weight loss and fever even before lameness becomes evident; early diagnosis is critical.
  • •While surgery is typically recommended for septic tendonitis, aggressive medical management with combined systemic and local antimicrobial therapy may be an alternative option in selected cases where surgical access or prognosis is limited.
  • •Recovery to full athletic function is possible with septic tendonitis of the DDFT, but requires intensive treatment, careful monitoring, and realistic timeframes of several months for rehabilitation.
  • •Coxofemoral septic arthritis is treatable in foals with aggressive joint lavage and antimicrobial therapy; expect good long-term outcomes with 75% of treated cases showing no residual lameness
  • •Ultrasonographic-guided synovial fluid collection is essential for diagnosis; repeated lavage may be needed in up to 58% of cases for successful resolution
  • •Broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage is warranted initially given the diversity of organisms cultured, though Salmonella, Streptococcus, and Rhodococcus should be prioritized pending culture results
  • •Colic remains the primary life-limiting condition in aged horses; digestive system disease accounts for over 40% of deaths in horses ≥15 years old
  • •PPID significantly impacts quality of life and longevity in aged horses; recognize that euthanasia decisions in PPID cases often involve multiple concurrent conditions (colic, lameness, cancer, neurological disease) rather than pituitary disease alone
  • •Cancer prevalence increases with age; be alert to neoplastic presentations in geriatric horses, particularly squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma
  • •For racehorses presenting with chronic hoof abscesses unresponsive to standard treatment, consider keratoma as a differential and advocate for surgical exploration and histopathology
  • •Monitor the contralateral hoof closely when keratoma is diagnosed, as bilateral occurrence within months is possible
  • •Keratomas can mimic simple abscessation; persistent lameness after apparent drainage warrants deeper investigation of hoof lesions
  • •Consider PAL mineralization as a differential diagnosis in cases of chronic lameness localized to the palmar/plantar aspect, especially when conservative treatment has failed
  • •Surgical resection of mineralized PAL tissue has a good success rate (86%) for restoring soundness in affected ponies
  • •Pain response to direct pressure over the PAL area may help identify this condition clinically before advanced imaging
  • •When investigating lameness in horses with suspected metacarpophalangeal joint disease, use both flexed lateromedial and dorsopalmar radiographic projections specifically to identify OCD of the distal sagittal ridge of McIII
  • •This previously undescribed OCD location is surgically accessible and treatable via arthroscopy with good prognosis for return to athletic function, including racing
  • •Awareness of this condition and appropriate imaging protocols may improve early diagnosis and treatment outcomes in lame horses with metacarpophalangeal joint involvement
  • •Articular synovial cysts are rare but should be considered in lameness cases; multimodal imaging (radiography, ultrasound, arthrography) improves diagnostic accuracy
  • •Surgical excision shows promise for lameness resolution, but conservative management may also be viable for selected horses
  • •Both surgical and conservative approaches can allow horses to return to work, so treatment selection should be individualized
  • •Automated lameness detection systems using force plates show promise as more objective and repeatable alternatives to subjective visual scoring in dairy herds
  • •The system performs well for detecting non-lame and severely lame animals but has lower sensitivity for severe lameness (group 5), suggesting it may be most useful for screening rather than final diagnosis
  • •High repeatability (CV 14.55%) suggests this technology could enable consistent longitudinal monitoring of individual animals' lameness status over time
  • •Lateral trochlear ridge osteochondrosis should be considered in young ponies and pony crosses presenting with or without femoropatellar joint effusion and lameness; bilateral lesions are common
  • •Diagnosis requires multiple diagnostic criteria (radiography, arthroscopy, histopathology) rather than relying on a single imaging modality, as lesions may be clinically silent
  • •Young animals with suspected osteochondrosis should be thoroughly examined and imaged even if currently asymptomatic, as these lesions have characteristic pathological features requiring specific management
  • •This case demonstrates that pastern fractures can occur in wild giraffes and may present with lameness—suggesting similar pathology may occur in captive populations requiring recognition
  • •Field radiography under sedation is a viable diagnostic tool for large exotic animals with suspected bone injuries
  • •Conservative hoof management through trimming may provide symptomatic relief in fracture cases, though long-term outcomes are not detailed
  • •Request the cranio-45° medial-caudolateral oblique radiographic projection specifically when deltoid tuberosity fracture is suspected, as standard mediolateral views will miss most cases
  • •Conservative management alone can successfully resolve deltoid tuberosity fractures in most horses—surgery was not required in this case series
  • •Combine radiography with ultrasonography for diagnosis, as ultrasound can identify fractures even when gas prevents visualization on radiographs
  • •Standing MR imaging should be used for suspected palmar navicular erosions as radiography often appears normal or equivocal and delays diagnosis
  • •Deep palmar navicular erosions carry a poor prognosis—44% of cases resulted in euthanasia and only one horse returned to work, supporting early diagnosis of shallow lesions to allow therapeutic intervention
  • •Sudden onset lameness with positive MR findings on the palmar navicular aspect warrants careful prognosis discussion with owners regarding likelihood of return to performance
  • •Magnetic retrievers offer a practical arthroscopic solution for metallic foreign bodies in synovial joints when traditional grasping instruments fail due to poor visibility
  • •Consider this technique for intra-articular metal removal, especially in cases of significant synovial inflammation that obscures direct visualization
  • •Preoperative radiographs are essential to confirm intra-articular location and guide surgical planning
  • •Navicular syndrome involves cumulative cyclic loading damage rather than simple bone resorption; management should focus on reducing repetitive impact and bending loads through farriery and exercise modification
  • •Early detection of microcrack accumulation and poor bone quality may be possible through advanced imaging, allowing intervention before extensive cyst formation and cartilage damage occurs
  • •The bone's attempt to remodel in response to loading can fail, leading to osteocyte death and poor skeletal integrity; this supports the need for load management in at-risk horses rather than relying on adaptation
  • •PAL injury prognosis is guarded: counsel owners that <50% return to work regardless of whether you choose conservative management or surgical desmotomy
  • •Assess bilaterally and examine both front and back legs—bilateral involvement or multiple limb pathology indicates significantly poorer prognosis
  • •Ultrasonographic findings (PAL thickness, fibrosis presence, DFTS involvement) can help predict outcomes; isolated PAL disease alone carries better prognosis than combined pathology
  • •If your horse requires scintigraphic lameness investigation, understand that handlers receive substantially higher radiation exposure during scanning than technical staff—consider requesting lead aprons or other protective measures for handlers
  • •Most radiation exposure occurs during the image acquisition phase (90%), not during injection, so protective strategies should prioritize the scanning period
  • •Veterinary clinics performing routine nuclear scintigraphy should implement rotation of handler duties and ensure proper dosimetry monitoring for staff safety during these procedures
  • •Do not switch between numerical and verbal lameness scales in your assessments—the tools produce clinically different results despite statistical correlation
  • •When evaluating lameness on video or in clinical practice, standardize to one rating scale within your operation and be aware that observer agreement is around 56-60%, meaning re-evaluation by a second opinion is valuable
  • •These moderate reliability findings suggest that subjective gait analysis alone has limitations; combine visual assessment with additional diagnostic tools (flexion tests, imaging, etc.) for clinical decision-making
  • •High concentrate feeding is associated with increased DPJ risk; consider reviewing feeding protocols for horses prone to this condition, though feeding amount alone cannot predict disease
  • •Pasture grazing patterns differ in DPJ cases; monitor horses on combined high-concentrate, high-grazing management for clinical signs
  • •These associations require validation by additional studies before modifying feeding practices; current evidence provides aetiological clues rather than actionable diagnostic criteria
  • •Monitor foal herds for lameness, joint pain, and stiff gait as early indicators of mineral imbalance; check mare diet calcium:phosphorus ratio immediately.
  • •Dietary mineral balance (particularly calcium and phosphorus) is critical for nursing foals—an imbalanced diet affects foals more severely than mares and can cause life-threatening complications.
  • •Rapid dietary correction can resolve clinical signs within weeks, making early nutritional assessment essential when foals show unexplained lameness or poor growth.
  • •You can treat distal hock joint osteoarthritis with a single injection into the tarsometatarsal joint, eliminating the need for the more technically challenging centrodistal joint injection
  • •Therapeutic drug concentrations reach the centrodistal joint within 6 hours, confirming adequate diffusion for clinical effect
  • •This approach reduces procedural risks and complications associated with centrodistal joint injection while maintaining therapeutic efficacy
  • •Arabian horses, particularly older individuals, are at substantially higher risk for severe carpometacarpal osteoarthritis; increased monitoring is warranted for this breed
  • •Even mild carpal trauma in Arabian horses may progress to crippling osteoarthritis due to potential anatomical variations; aggressive early intervention and conservative management post-trauma are critical
  • •The absence of a palmar articulation between metacarpal bones in some Arabian horses may predispose them to abnormal load distribution and accelerated joint degeneration
  • •Navicular bursa injection can be used as a diagnostic tool to confirm DIP joint pain as the source of lameness
  • •This anesthetic technique may provide therapeutic benefit for horses with DIP joint-related lameness
  • •Understanding the anatomical relationship between the navicular bursa and palmar digital nerves is important for effective regional anesthesia protocols
  • •When performing DIP joint injections for solar pain, use 10 ml rather than 6 ml for pain localized to the angles of the sole to achieve significant analgesia
  • •DIP joint injection is more reliably effective for dorsal sole pain than for pain at the heel angles, suggesting different pain pathways or anatomical considerations
  • •Always consider the specific location of solar pain when selecting injection volume and predicting likelihood of diagnostic response to DIP joint analgesia
  • •When DIP joint or palmar digital nerve blocks resolve lameness, always consider sole pain as a differential diagnosis—don't automatically attribute improvement to joint or nerve pathology alone
  • •Use diagnostic anesthesia strategically: sole pain may be masked by joint or nerve blocks, potentially misleading your diagnostic approach
  • •Farriers and vets should collaborate on pressure-related sole pain cases, as therapeutic shoeing modifications (reducing sole pressure) may be as effective as medication
  • •Acute disruption of palmar digital arterial supply causes temporary lameness, but the horse's ability to develop collateral circulation prevents permanent ischaemic damage in this experimental model
  • •Histological changes (increased osteoid) occur even when clinical signs resolve, suggesting tissue-level effects persist despite functional recovery
  • •Understanding navicular bone blood supply and compensatory mechanisms may inform treatment approaches for navicular syndrome and chronic foot pain in ponies and horses
  • •Keratomas should be suspected in chronically lame horses with a history of unresponsive hoof injuries; surgical excision is curative when confirmed histologically
  • •Radiographic examination may reveal a characteristic circular or semicircular defect in the distal phalanx; definitive diagnosis requires microscopic verification
  • •Post-operative management with daily antiseptic treatment, bandaging, and therapeutic shoeing supports complete healing and return to soundness within one year
  • •Radiographic changes in nutrient foramina shape (circular or mushroom appearance) are diagnostic indicators of vascular compromise in navicular disease and can guide clinical decision-making
  • •Progressive work conditioning normally develops secondary blood supply in young horses; understanding this timeline helps distinguish normal development from pathological vascular changes
  • •Navicular lameness requires significant vascular compromise—single artery occlusion alone is insufficient, so multiple arterial involvement must be confirmed before attributing lameness solely to navicular ischaemia
  • •Equipment choices must prioritize comfort and natural head/neck position—harsh bits, tight nosebands, and hyperflexion should be avoided; if uncertain about a practice's safety, assume it may be harmful until proven otherwise
  • •Saddle fit is non-negotiable; invest in proper fitting to both horse and rider to prevent back pain and force distribution problems that compound over time
  • •Develop your riding skills in balance, body control, and understanding equine behavior; poor horsemanship creates stress and discomfort that equipment alone cannot fix, and always screen for lameness and gastric ulcers before or concurrent with ridden work
  • •Senior horses competing successfully into their late teens/early twenties commonly present with osteoarthritis and gastric ulcers; practitioners should anticipate managing these concurrent conditions in aging athletes
  • •Nearly half of competing seniors show no diagnosed medical conditions, suggesting selective breeding/management practices or that many aging horses remain athletically viable with appropriate care strategies
  • •Stiffness and joint flexibility loss are the most frequently reported clinical signs by owners, indicating this should be a key focus area for preventive management, conditioning, and therapeutic interventions in senior competitors
  • •Resistance band wraps may help reduce stress (cortisol) in lame horses but should not be expected to improve lameness severity or gait metrics in the short term
  • •The increased joint range of motion could be beneficial for rehabilitation, but the decreased semitendinosus efficiency suggests caution—further research needed before routine rehabilitation use
  • •This is a small pilot study (n=9); results are promising for stress reduction but insufficient evidence exists to recommend RBW as a standalone lameness treatment
  • •Senior horses (≥15 years) require consistent routine care: expect to perform farrier work every 5-6 weeks and coordinate with veterinarians and dental specialists on regular schedules, as retired horses show significantly worse compliance with all preventative care
  • •Plan for high prevalence of concurrent conditions—64% of senior horses have at least one diagnosed medical condition; osteoarthritis, dental disease, and lameness account for the majority, requiring integrated management strategies
  • •Advocate for maintenance therapy in senior horses: the widespread use of firocoxib and joint supplements reflects evidence-based management of degenerative conditions common in this population
  • •Breed selection and informed breeding decisions are critical; understanding breed-specific OCD prevalence (13–53%) can guide breeding programs and client counselling
  • •Management of modifiable risk factors—particularly controlled growth rates, balanced nutrition, avoiding excessive trauma, and monitoring biomechanical stress—remains essential even in genetically susceptible animals
  • •Early detection and intervention are important given the variable clinical presentation ranging from minimal signs to severe joint effusion and lameness, requiring systematic joint assessment in young sport horses
  • •Horse owners are generally willing to consider alternative service delivery models—explore telemedicine, clinic-based visits, or bundled care packages to improve access and client satisfaction.
  • •Price expectations are set: clients expect routine vaccinations around $150 and lameness exams around $200; pricing significantly above these benchmarks may limit uptake.
  • •Low insurance and health savings account adoption suggests a major market opportunity—educating owners about financial planning tools and wellness programs could improve both practice revenue and client care compliance.
  • •Adding enrichment to turnout areas—especially foraging opportunities—can significantly improve observed behavior and reduce problematic stereotypies, with no need to increase turnout size to be effective
  • •Managers report that enrichment correlates with improvement in common health conditions like laminitis, lameness, and EMS, suggesting it may be a practical welfare tool alongside other management strategies
  • •Forage-based enrichment appears most impactful for calmness and natural behaviors; structural elements add benefits for confidence and handling; consider combining types for maximum effect
  • •Equine veterinarians prioritize clinical excellence and professionalism over financial considerations, suggesting that building reputation through quality care and service should be central to practice strategy
  • •In emergency scenarios (colic, lameness), focus on demonstrating clinical competence; in pre-purchase work, emphasize professional credentials and thorough evaluation protocols to meet veterinarian expectations
  • •Client satisfaction drivers vary by scenario type—acute cases demand clinical quality, while pre-purchase work demands perceived professionalism and thoroughness
  • •Understand your clients' financial constraints when recommending services—income level and number of horses owned are strong predictors of what clients can afford
  • •Tailor your treatment discussions and payment options to reflect client capacity; offering flexible payment plans may improve compliance with recommended care
  • •Use these findings to adjust pricing strategy and communication style based on practice demographics to improve client satisfaction and practice sustainability
  • •Evaluate stable housing dimensions and bedding quality as priority welfare improvements; inadequate conditions affect over half of stabled horses assessed
  • •Monitor skin health and integument integrity closely in riding school horses which showed significantly higher welfare concerns than other disciplines
  • •Ensure horses have regular social contact and exercise opportunities; isolation and lack of movement are linked to stereotypic behaviors and poor welfare outcomes
  • •EAS programs should expect to manage geriatric horses and functionally lame horses as routine; develop robust protocols for pain assessment, particularly behavior-based observation, as this improves with experience
  • •Gastrointestinal health and lameness management are the two primary welfare challenges in EAS settings; integrate pharmaceutical, nutritional, and alternative therapeutic options into daily care protocols
  • •Multi-modal pain management combining annual alternative therapies (76%), daily prescriptions (73%), and nutritional supplements (73%) appears standard practice in well-managed EAS facilities
  • •Nearly half of eventing horses experience musculoskeletal problems; focus preventive strategies on the foot and joint structures as priority areas for your population
  • •Injury prevention strategies should differ by context: educate riders about competition-related hoof/tendon injuries and training-related ligament/stifle injuries
  • •Recovery time varies dramatically by injury type (2 weeks to >12 months); set realistic owner expectations and tailor rehabilitation protocols accordingly
  • •Prioritize prevention of superficial digital flexor tendon injuries through appropriate shoeing, training management, and ground surface selection for polo horses.
  • •Implement screening and monitoring protocols for EIPH and systemic conditions like myositis and rhabdomyolysis given their frequency in this discipline.
  • •Establish clear communication channels with veterinarians and follow association welfare guidelines to balance performance demands with horse health standards.
  • •MRI findings of hyperintense lesions on the dorsal DDFT border within the navicular bursa are reliable indicators for surgical intervention via bursoscopy
  • •While bursoscopy allows direct visualization and removal of synovial masses, prognosis remains cautious—manage owner expectations accordingly
  • •Correlation between imaging and endoscopic findings is good, so bursoscopy can be confidently recommended when MRI shows these lesions
  • •Monitor grain-fed cattle breeding programs for unintended consequences of growth selection; consider genetic trade-offs between production traits and skeletal/cardiac health
  • •Lameness and heart disease in beef cattle represent significant welfare concerns that may impact economic viability and require preventive management strategies
  • •Early detection of leg conformation problems and hoof abnormalities in young stock may help identify at-risk animals before slaughter
  • •Insulin dysregulation appears to be a significant risk factor for hoof tissue degradation in cattle, independent of diet type or SARA status
  • •High-starch diets alone may not be the primary driver of claw horn lesions; metabolic factors like insulin resistance warrant closer investigation
  • •Further research is needed to clarify the role of insulin and IGF-1 imbalances in claw health before dietary management strategies can be refined
  • •Use both ultrasonography and contrast tenography complementarily for diagnosis—ultrasound is highly specific but tenography catches more cases, particularly for manica flexoria and DDFT tears
  • •Manage owner expectations carefully: only 51% of horses fully return to preinjury work, and DDFT injuries carry significantly poorer prognoses
  • •Multi-structure involvement in the DFTS is the norm rather than exception (75% of cases), so thorough diagnostic imaging and complete surgical evaluation are essential
  • •TAHD is environmentally transmissible and can persist in soil; biosecurity measures including pen sanitation and isolation of affected animals should be prioritized in elk management.
  • •Progressive hoof lesions lead to severe lameness and systemic decline (reduced body condition); early detection through regular hoof inspections is critical for humane management decisions.
  • •The disease shares treponeme species with bovine digital dermatitis; cross-species transmission risk and shared management protocols warrant investigation.
  • •IMU technology offers potential for early detection of developing musculoskeletal injuries in stabled horses through objective behaviour monitoring rather than relying on visual assessment alone
  • •Implementing automated behaviour monitoring systems could allow identification of lameness or pain before injuries become catastrophic, enabling earlier intervention
  • •This technology may be particularly valuable for racehorses where early detection could prevent career-ending or life-threatening injuries
  • •Future wearable gait monitoring systems can automatically detect terrain type during lameness evaluation, eliminating information loss and improving diagnostic accuracy
  • •Single-sensor systems reduce cost and complexity while maintaining performance, making deployment more practical in field settings
  • •Real-time terrain detection capability enables better interpretation of gait changes across different surface types, supporting more objective lameness localization
  • •IMU technology offers a practical, portable alternative to expensive force plates and motion capture systems for objective lameness evaluation in field settings.
  • •Continuous monitoring capability of wearable IMUs allows detection of subtle gait changes and early lameness that may not be apparent during ridden assessment.
  • •IMU-based systems can provide objective data on horse-rider biomechanics and the effects of medications, supporting evidence-based management decisions.
  • •When assessing lameness in a straight line, focus on head and pelvic movement as these are the areas expert assessors consistently prioritize—this appears to be reliable and systematic
  • •Be aware that circle work assessment is less standardized among experts; develop your own systematic checklist for circular movement to ensure reproducible, thorough evaluation rather than relying on intuition or front-biased observation
  • •Standardized terminology and decision-making protocols for lameness assessment on circles need stronger evidence-based development; consider documenting your assessment criteria explicitly to improve consistency and communication with veterinary colleagues
  • •Intervention programs in LMICs must address systemic barriers including farrier training accessibility, fair compensation structures, and access to modern tools to improve farriery quality and donkey welfare outcomes
  • •Shoeing under stress conditions (animals harnessed to carts) and extremely rapid work rates (5 min/hoof) likely compromise hoof care quality; training should emphasize proper restraint and adequate time allocation
  • •High prevalence of lameness (87%) suggests current farriery practices are inadequate; owner education programs should focus on evidence-based shoeing intervals and farrier selection criteria beyond personal relationships
  • •Use the 24-behaviour RHpE checklist during 10-minute ridden assessments (walk, trot, circles, canter, transitions) to detect pain that may not appear as obvious lameness
  • •A score of ≥8/24 behaviours warrants veterinary investigation for musculoskeletal issues—this tool helps identify subtle pain that affects performance and welfare
  • •Check saddle fit, rider weight, and rider position on the saddle as potential contributors to pain behaviours; the RHpE provides an objective way to discuss these issues with clients without blame
  • •Farriers should recognize HWSD clinical presentation (dorsal hoof wall separation and cracking) in young Connemaras and coordinate care with veterinarians; targeted hoof care and specialized shoeing can help manage severity
  • •Genetic testing is now mandatory for Connemara breed registrations—practitioners should be aware that homozygous carriers show disease while heterozygous carriers are clinically normal
  • •Environmental management may reduce disease severity in affected ponies; work with owners and veterinarians on comprehensive management strategies combining hoof care, shoeing, and stable management
  • •Monitor donkeys for signs of poor appetite and dullness as early warning signs of potentially life-threatening hyperlipaemia—this is a clinical emergency
  • •Ensure adequate nutrition and body condition scoring in donkey management, as underweight status is common and predisposes to metabolic disease
  • •Work with farriers and owners to establish basic healthcare protocols including dental care and lameness prevention, as these are prevalent problems in resource-limited settings
  • •2.5% PAAG offers a long-acting injectable alternative for managing OA in lame horses, with over 80% remaining sound at 2-year follow-up
  • •This treatment works through physical integration and joint protection rather than anti-inflammatory mechanisms, representing a different approach to conventional intra-articular medications
  • •Safety profile appears excellent with no reported neurotoxicity or fibrosis, making it suitable for performance horses where joint integrity is critical
  • •Back pain management shows distinctly different referral patterns than lameness—expect significant portions of your client base to pursue CAVM therapists first for spinal issues, so clear communication about evidence-based treatment is essential
  • •Most horse owners (85-90%) will use some complementary methods regardless; positioning yourself as a collaborative partner with CAVM providers (rather than dismissing them) may improve client relationships and overall patient care outcomes
  • •There is clear demand from both practitioners and therapists for better regulation and evidence standards in CAVM—documenting outcomes and staying informed about CAVM practices can strengthen your professional credibility with clients
  • •Advanced imaging (MRI and CT) should be considered complementary to ultrasound for complex flexor tendon cases, particularly when determining prognosis and return-to-work timelines.
  • •Understanding 'magic angle' artefacts in MRI is essential to avoid misinterpretation of deep digital flexor tendon lesions.
  • •Newer imaging protocols including contrast-enhanced MRI and emerging techniques may improve early detection of tendon pathology before clinical signs become apparent.
  • •You can reliably use affordable wireless sensors, smartphones, or low-cost data loggers running at 50 Hz for lameness evaluations—measurements will be accurate to within 2 mm
  • •Avoid sensors operating below 20 Hz as errors become unacceptably large (≥20 mm); verify your device specifications before purchase
  • •When assessing pelvic asymmetry in lame horses, ensure your sensor equipment meets the 50 Hz minimum threshold for clinically useful data
  • •Understand the established blocking patterns for your distal limb nerve blocks—know what structures each block desensitises and recognise that blocks have recognised limitations in specificity
  • •Use diagnostic blocks to localise lameness to a region, not definitively identify a specific structure—always correlate block results with clinical examination and imaging findings
  • •Be transparent with clients about what a positive block does and does not tell you, ensuring realistic expectations about diagnosis and prognosis before proceeding to imaging
  • •Choose mepivacaine or ropivacaine over lidocaine when performing diagnostic nerve blocks to improve reliability of lameness localization
  • •Monitor skin sensation response carefully during nerve blocks as absence of skin sensation does not guarantee pain relief at the lameness source
  • •Consider adding epinephrine to extend duration of analgesia, but avoid mixing quick- and slow-acting agents as this does not achieve desired pharmacokinetic profile
  • •Use corrected Turner's formula equations separately for front and back hooves to objectively assess whether a horse's hoof size is adequate for its body weight
  • •Calculate mass-to-hoof-area ratios to identify horses at higher risk of lameness from excessive weight concentration, informing trimming and shoeing decisions
  • •Apply these quantitative standards when evaluating hoof balance in individual horses or comparing across populations, moving beyond subjective visual assessment alone
  • •Understanding how horses adjust ground reaction forces in different gaits helps explain normal movement patterns and recognize when something is wrong
  • •Lameness detection relies on recognizing abnormal GRF patterns—lame horses will redistribute forces away from painful limbs in predictable ways
  • •Gait analysis based on GRF patterns provides objective assessment of locomotion quality and can guide rehabilitation and shoeing decisions
  • •Optimize cattle feed ration composition with attention to amino acids, minerals, and vitamins as a primary prevention strategy for hoof disease and lameness
  • •Monitor feed for fungal contamination and associated metabolites, as these directly impact hoof horn integrity
  • •Recognize that nutrition works alongside hygiene, stable management, and genetics to prevent costly lameness issues in dairy operations
  • •Free-roaming horses require systematic health and welfare monitoring despite their adaptability; welfare problems should be expected and managed proactively rather than assumed absent in semiferal systems
  • •Hoof care in free-roaming horses is complicated by natural wear patterns causing lameness—farriers and managers should understand that 'self-trimming' does not eliminate the need for professional assessment and intervention
  • •Parasite control programs, surveillance for aggressive interactions, and nutritional management are essential components of any semiferal horse operation, not optional luxuries
  • •You can now use a consensus-based framework of ten measurable domains to standardize outcome assessment in equine rehabilitation practice, improving treatment tracking and management decisions.
  • •This research validates the domains you should be evaluating (lameness, pain, muscular symmetry, balance, proprioception, behaviour, and functional capacity) as evidence-based components of rehabilitation assessment.
  • •Implementing an outcome measure based on these domains will help you demonstrate treatment effectiveness to clients and align equine physiotherapy with professional standards already established in human and canine practice.
  • •Increasing turn-out time to 24 hours with continuous forage access and social contact with other horses significantly reduces common health and behaviour problems in recreational horses
  • •Even moderate restrictions on turn-out (9+ hours stabling) show intermediate negative effects; the most restrictive management (0-6h turn-out) should be avoided if welfare is a priority
  • •Management style directly impacts both physical health (colic, lameness) and mental state (handling behaviour, antisocial vices), suggesting these outcomes are interconnected through welfare status
  • •Don't rely solely on sensor-based gait analysis thresholds for lameness diagnosis—normal variation between horses and days means individual baseline comparison is essential
  • •Understanding the biomechanical basis of head nod and hip hike (reduced force in the affected limb) helps interpret what the sensors are actually measuring and why visual assessment still matters
  • •Consider measuring withers movement and multi-limb compensation patterns in complex lameness cases, as these parameters may reveal the full clinical picture beyond simple limb-by-limb assessment
  • •Salicylic acid powder applied topically to the interdigital space offers a non-antibiotic treatment option for early-stage interdigital phlegmon in cattle when caught early
  • •Simple farmer-applied treatment with 1-2 tablespoons of 100% salicylic acid powder followed by bandaging can reduce lameness and swelling within days, potentially reducing antibiotic use
  • •This approach appears most suitable for non-complicated cases detected early; monitor systemic signs (temperature, general condition) to ensure appropriate case selection
  • •Visual assessment alone cannot reliably detect mild lameness or hindlimb lameness in horses, regardless of your experience level—use objective diagnostic tools when lameness is suspected
  • •High confidence in your visual assessment does not correlate with accuracy; remain skeptical of subtle lameness diagnoses made purely by observation
  • •Hindlimb lameness is particularly difficult to detect visually and is frequently overdiagnosed (false positives); seek additional diagnostic confirmation before treatment decisions
  • •Use flexion tests as part of a comprehensive pre-purchase exam, but do not rely on them as standalone diagnostic tools for identifying all musculoskeletal problems
  • •Understand that a positive flexion test does not always indicate clinically significant pathology and requires interpretation alongside other examination findings
  • •Consider the limitations of flexion tests when advising clients on purchase decisions, as they may either falsely reassure or inappropriately alarm
  • •Do not rely solely on visual lameness assessment, even if you have years of experience—objective tools (force plates, inertial measurement units, etc.) are necessary for accurate diagnosis
  • •Mild lameness and hindlimb lameness are particularly prone to misdiagnosis through visual evaluation alone; these cases warrant instrumental assessment
  • •Seek peer review and evidence-based validation of your lameness assessments rather than assuming experience guarantees accuracy
  • •EquiMoves offers a portable, wireless alternative to stationary optical systems for objective lameness assessment and gait analysis in field settings
  • •The system's high reproducibility (sub-1 mm bias) makes it suitable for tracking subtle changes in symmetry over time or between treatments
  • •Sagittal plane measurements are highly accurate; clinicians can confidently use this system to quantify protraction, retraction, and stride length asymmetries
  • •Use peer-reviewed hoof science research to inform your diagnostic and treatment decisions for lame horses
  • •Understanding the broader scientific context of hoof anatomy and biomechanics improves your ability to identify lameness causes
  • •Stay current with published hoof research to provide evidence-based farriery and veterinary care
  • •Back pain diagnosis remains challenging and relies heavily on clinical palpation skills; integrating diagnostic analgesia blocks into your workflow can help confirm the source of pain more definitively
  • •If using injection-based treatments, ultrasound guidance for vertebral facet and sacroiliac joint injections has become standard practice among peers and may improve targeting accuracy
  • •Consider discussing complementary therapies (osteopathy, kinesiotherapy, acupuncture) with clients as evidence of their use among equine practitioners has grown significantly
  • •Use composite pain scales or facial expression assessments as the most validated objective methods for evaluating your horse's pain response to treatment
  • •Standardized pain assessment tools can help you and your veterinarian communicate more clearly about pain severity and track treatment effectiveness over time
  • •Objective pain scales are increasingly important for evaluating new pain management strategies and ensuring better welfare outcomes in hospitalized and ridden horses
  • •Master the visual recognition of head nods and pelvic hikes—these are your primary diagnostic tools in the field and clinic for detecting lameness.
  • •Use dynamic tests (circles, flexions, ridden work) routinely during lameness exams to provoke subtle lameness that may not be obvious on straight lines.
  • •Always plan for diagnostic analgesia on unresolved cases rather than guessing; it pinpoints the pain source and saves time and costs on unnecessary imaging.
  • •Controlled hand walking, therapeutic shoeing, ice, and PRP represent the core rehabilitation toolkit across equine practices—these are broadly accepted and implemented.
  • •If using injectable biologics (PRP, IRAP, stem cells), ensure veterinary administration; however, many modalities can be safely and effectively delivered by trained technicians, farriers, or physical therapists under appropriate supervision.
  • •Consider developing collaborative relationships with equine physical therapists to expand rehabilitation capabilities, as currently only one-third of practices do so—this represents an opportunity to enhance patient outcomes.
  • •Local anaesthetics provide some inherent protection against bacterial inoculation during joint and soft tissue injections, but this should not replace rigorous aseptic preparation
  • •Bupivacaine and lidocaine offer slightly better antimicrobial coverage than mepivacaine at clinical concentrations
  • •While this study is reassuring about antimicrobial activity at injection sites, strict sterile technique and proper skin disinfection remain the gold standard for preventing injection-related infections
  • •Exercise-intolerant Warmblood horses presenting with stiffness and poorly localised hindlimb lameness should be considered for muscle biopsy to rule out myofibrillar myopathy, particularly if unresponsive to conventional lameness investigations
  • •Myofibrillar myopathy appears to have a heritable component in Warmblood lines; breeding decisions should consider this potential genetic predisposition when cases are confirmed in a family
  • •Muscle glycogen depletion is not involved in this condition, so glycogen-loading management strategies typical for other equine myopathies may not be relevant to MFM cases
  • •TMT joint injections are reliable and can be performed with high confidence in sedated horses, but CD joint injections frequently miss the target and require verification via radiography before assuming success
  • •When injecting the CD joint, use imaging guidance (radiographs) to confirm needle placement in the joint space rather than periarticular tissues, as blind injection has only 42% accuracy
  • •Be aware that successful TMT injections may distribute medication to the CD joint via communication in 26% of cases, which could affect diagnostic anaesthesia interpretation
  • •Use the six reliable measures (BCS, fleece condition, skin lesions, tail length, dag score, lameness) as a practical welfare assessment toolkit for extensively managed flocks
  • •Multiple trained observers can achieve consistent scoring using these measures, making them suitable for farm monitoring programs
  • •Focus monitoring efforts on nutritional and health measures rather than difficult-to-assess indicators like rumen fill or hoof metrics in grazing systems
  • •Understanding the biomechanical specialization of fore and hind limbs helps explain why certain lameness conditions preferentially affect specific limbs and how horses compensate
  • •Recognition of asymmetrical poll, withers, and croup movement during trotting is a practical tool for identifying which limb is lame before detailed examination
  • •Inertial sensor systems provide objective lameness grading that complements visual assessment and can detect subtle compensatory movement patterns that guide targeted treatment
  • •Local anesthetics used for lameness examinations remain safe and effective when stored under typical field conditions for extended periods—you can trust the sterility and efficacy of these products in practice
  • •Avoid exposing vials to direct light and excessive heat to minimize concentration changes, and minimize repeated punctures of vials to maintain stability
  • •If using lidocaine products, be aware that methylparaben preservative degrades over time (8.3-75% loss), though this does not appear to affect anaesthetic performance during diagnostic procedures
  • •Inertial sensors can objectify lameness assessment by measuring head nod and hip hike with greater precision than visual evaluation, supporting more consistent clinical decisions
  • •Lungeing and flexion tests produce predictable gait changes; understand these adaptations to avoid misinterpreting sensor data as pathological movement
  • •Sensor accuracy of 3-7 mm is clinically meaningful and below human visual detection limits, making these tools valuable for tracking subtle changes and validating your clinical impression
  • •Develop a structured approach to assessing lameness in emergency situations—check for obvious trauma, heat, and swelling before moving the horse
  • •Know when to call the vet immediately (non-weight bearing, severe trauma, signs of colic) versus when conservative management is appropriate
  • •Proper first aid response, including controlled movement and basic wound care, can significantly impact outcomes in acute lameness cases
  • •Select pain assessment tools appropriate to your specific clinical situation (e.g., colic vs. lameness vs. post-surgical) rather than applying one universal scale, as tool performance varies by condition.
  • •Understand that grimace scales and composite scales may provide more objective assessment than single-parameter scales, potentially improving pain management decisions in your practice.
  • •Implement systematic, documented pain scoring to standardize pain recognition across your team and enable better tracking of analgesic effectiveness over time.
  • •Review shoeing practices for mature horses as a primary intervention for lameness; consider whether current shoe type and application remain appropriate for the horse's changing anatomy
  • •Recognize that older horses may develop new soundness issues related to foot care and shoeing that differ from younger animals
  • •Consult farrier expertise when lameness appears in mature horses, as shoeing adjustments may resolve or prevent performance problems
  • •Lameness is extremely common in pleasure horses (affecting 7 in 10 annually) — prevention and early detection should be prioritized to minimize lost training time and costs
  • •Factor the real cost of downtime into treatment decisions: at £7.29/day basic maintenance, a 70-day lameness episode costs ~£510 in care costs alone, plus lost riding use and potential complications
  • •Horse ownership demands substantial time commitment (10+ hours weekly for most owners) — clients need realistic expectations about the investigation and recovery periods required for lameness management
  • •Assess pain in horses using both obvious signs (lameness, rolling, flank watching) and subtle indicators (facial expression, behavior changes, stance) to ensure appropriate treatment
  • •Use multimodal analgesia combining NSAIDs, opioids, and/or α2-agonists tailored to pain severity and chronicity rather than single-agent therapy
  • •Consider specialized delivery methods (intra-articular, epidural) and neuropathic agents (gabapentin) for specific conditions and hospitalized cases, with adjusted protocols for foals
  • •CODD is an emerging infectious disease in sheep flocks with increasing prevalence; clinicians should maintain awareness and implement biosecurity measures to prevent spread
  • •Parenteral long-acting amoxicillin is the recommended antibiotic treatment based on evidence, though other antibiotics may help anecdotally
  • •Further research is needed on transmission routes and risk factors to develop sustainable control strategies, vaccines, and farm management protocols
  • •Simulator training achieves nearly equivalent performance outcomes to cadaver training (71% vs 73%) while being more cost-effective and repeatable without requiring cadaver access
  • •Students trained on simulators develop greater confidence in performing nerve blocks, which may translate to improved clinical performance and client communication in practice
  • •Incorporating simulator training into equine veterinary education can address the limited practical opportunities available during undergraduate training while maintaining safety and reducing animal use
  • •ESWT is an available treatment option for lame horses; consult with specialized equine lameness centers for assessment and suitability
  • •This therapy should be integrated into a broader diagnostic and rehabilitation protocol rather than used in isolation
  • •Understand the biomechanical principles underlying your shoeing decisions—shoe selection should be based on how different techniques affect foot mechanics, not tradition alone
  • •Recognize that the same shoe or technique may enhance performance in one horse while creating problems in another depending on individual biomechanical needs
  • •Stay current with emerging biomechanical research to refine farriery approaches for treating lameness and maintaining soundness
  • •MRI signal changes in the navicular bone spongiosa should not be interpreted in isolation—increased signal may indicate fibrocartilage disease, subchondral bone pathology, or primary marrow changes, requiring careful correlation with clinical signs.
  • •Early navicular disease involves complex interactions between cartilage, calcified cartilage, and bone; lesions in one structure are frequently accompanied by pathology in adjacent tissues.
  • •MRI grading systems can help identify and monitor marrow fat changes and early degenerative lesions in navicular disease, supporting earlier intervention and prognostic assessment in lame horses.
  • •When evaluating poor performance, systematically assess all three elements (horse soundness/pain, rider position/ability, saddle fit) rather than assuming one primary cause
  • •Request dynamic saddle pressure analysis during ridden work when available, not just static fitting assessment, to identify focal pressure areas
  • •Poor performance attributed to 'the horse' may reflect rider biomechanics or saddle fit issues—address all three before considering lameness investigations
  • •DDFT lesion type identified on MRI (dorsal border vs. parasagittal vs. core) is an important prognostic indicator—dorsal border lesions are more likely to regress with conservative management
  • •Horses with dorsal border DDFT lesions can be managed conservatively with expectation of lesion resolution over 6 months, informing return-to-work timelines
  • •Lesion typing should be incorporated into MRI reports and treatment planning, as parasagittal and core lesions behave differently and may require different prognostic counseling
  • •Intra-articular ethanol injection is a relatively safe and economical option for distal tarsal OA when corticosteroid therapy provides only temporary relief, with ~50% of horses showing meaningful improvement
  • •Success requires proper case selection—ensure diagnosis is confirmed via intra-articular analgesia, radiography, and corticosteroid failure before attempting ethanol treatment
  • •Careful radiographic contrast study of the tarsometatarsal joint is essential before treatment to avoid complications; monitor treated horses closely for deterioration in the first 6-9 months post-injection
  • •Aggressive hoof wall debridement over the affected area is essential—don't just treat it topically; remove the diseased tissue
  • •Recognize that white line disease severity correlates with depth of involvement; severe cases with rotation need urgent intervention
  • •Partner with your veterinarian on farriery management post-debridement, as proper trimming and shoeing directly impacts healing and prevents recurrence
  • •ELLs identified on scintigraphy and radiography in lame horses respond well to conservative management, with most horses returning to full soundness
  • •New ELL lesions can develop over time in the same or different limbs, so repeat imaging may be warranted in horses with recurrent lameness
  • •Hindlimbs are more commonly affected than forelimbs; consider this distribution when investigating lameness with imaging
  • •Understanding bovine hoof anatomy is foundational to effective lameness prevention and treatment
  • •Regular routine hoof trimming should be a cornerstone of lameness management protocols in cattle operations
  • •Both preventive and therapeutic trimming approaches are essential tools for practitioners managing cattle welfare
  • •Don't just treat the crack itself—investigate and fix the root cause (poor conformation, imbalance, weak horn quality, etc.) or the problem will recur
  • •Stabilize the affected foot immediately through farriery techniques (bar shoes, clips, grooves, or plates) to reduce crack movement and pain
  • •Plan for long-term monitoring and repeated interventions as the hoof grows out; expect 6-12 months minimum for full recovery depending on crack location and severity
  • •Develop foundational farriery knowledge to communicate effectively with farriers and evaluate hoof care quality for your clients
  • •Monitor for subtle changes in hoof conformation during routine examinations, as early detection can prevent lameness in performance horses
  • •Establish collaborative relationships with farriers based on mutual understanding of horseshoeing principles to optimize outcomes
  • •Scintigraphy is useful for lameness investigation but results must be interpreted cautiously, especially when changes are subtle—correlation with clinical signs and other imaging is essential
  • •Current evidence does not definitively establish the accuracy of scintigraphy for diagnosis; use it as part of a complete diagnostic protocol rather than as a standalone test
  • •Request high-quality prospective studies from imaging centres and remain skeptical of scintigraphic findings until better validation studies are published
  • •Veterinarians now have a reference for normal MRI appearance of the suspensory ligament origin, improving ability to identify pathological changes in lame horses with proximal limb pain
  • •The multi-modal imaging approach (MRI + ultrasound + histology correlation) validates MRI as a diagnostic tool for lameness cases that are challenging to diagnose clinically
  • •Understanding normal anatomy at this location is essential for differentiating true suspensory ligament pathology from incidental findings
  • •Individual lameness scores on a 0-10 scale are reasonably consistent when the same assessor re-evaluates a horse, but different veterinarians may score the same horse somewhat differently—use the same veterinarian when possible for objective comparisons
  • •Global assessment of whether a horse is improving or worsening overall is more reliable than single-point lameness scores, so focus clinical discussions on directional change rather than absolute numerical values
  • •Lameness scoring is sufficiently reliable for tracking treatment progress in clinical practice, but standardizing assessment methods and preferring serial evaluations by the same clinician will improve accuracy
  • •Surface type significantly affects how the hoof experiences collision forces during landing—tarmac creates predictable mechanical stress patterns while sand is more variable, suggesting surface selection matters for injury prevention
  • •The foot's natural shock absorption mechanisms work differently on different terrains; farriers and veterinarians should consider track surface properties when investigating lameness and designing therapeutic interventions
  • •Shoe type and hoof care modifications may influence collision force transmission, warranting further research to optimize protection for horses working on different surfaces
  • •Partial hoof wall resection should be preferred over complete resection when anatomically feasible, as it reduces post-operative complications and accelerates return to work
  • •Expect a lengthy recovery period with complete resection, but recognize that long-term prognosis for soundness remains excellent with either approach
  • •Monitor for excess granulation tissue, hoof cracks, and recurrence during post-operative healing, particularly in horses undergoing complete resection
  • •Arthroscopic debridement is a viable surgical option for subchondral bone cysts of the distal phalanx in young horses (16-33 months), offering an alternative to conservative management with historically poor prognosis
  • •High return-to-performance rate (91%) suggests this procedure should be considered earlier in treatment protocols for affected young racehorses rather than defaulting to conservative management
  • •Age is a critical variable—this technique has only been validated in horses 16-33 months old; younger or mature horses may require different treatment strategies
  • •Soft footing (sand/rubber) may reduce mechanical stress on tendons and ligaments by lowering impact forces, potentially aiding in injury prevention and lameness recovery.
  • •This GRF-shoe tool enables objective quantification of how ground and shoe combinations affect comfort and propulsion efficiency—useful for identifying optimal surfaces for individual horses.
  • •Understanding how forelimb joint mechanics and hoof orientation influence tendon/ligament loading can guide farriery and training decisions for high-risk activities like racing and jumping.
  • •Palmar digital nerve anaesthesia at the proximal cartilage margin does not reliably block PIP joint pain, so failure to improve lameness at this site does not rule out PIP joint involvement
  • •Anaesthesia sites 2-3 cm proximal to the cartilages are more effective for assessing PIP joint pain, but improvement at these proximal sites may reflect blocking of periarticular tissues rather than the joint itself
  • •Use palmar digital nerve blocks cautiously when diagnosing PIP joint lameness; anatomical site of injection significantly affects clinical outcome
  • •Nuclear scintigraphy with unusual radiographic appearance (wider, irregular ossification) is a reliable indicator of clinically significant sidebone in lameness and prepurchase examinations
  • •Incomplete fusion lines on radiographs between separate ossification centres and the base are a red flag for potential clinical problems, particularly in lateral heels
  • •Many horses with ossification of the cartilages show obscure gait irregularities rather than obvious lameness—look for stiffness and high-speed gait deterioration, especially in coldblooded breeds
  • •Master and consistently apply the fundamentals of hoof angle, heel-pastern angle, and mediolateral balance—these form the foundation of sound shoeing for most horses
  • •Recognize that most horses don't need complex shoeing; focus first on getting basic physiologic principles right before considering specialized techniques
  • •Use knowledge of physiologic principles to distinguish when corrective shoeing might improve a sound horse's performance or restore soundness in a lame horse
  • •Develop systematic evaluation skills to distinguish primary distortions from secondary compensatory changes—this guides treatment strategy
  • •Use radiography proactively to catch subtle hoof changes early when they're still reversible, rather than waiting for lameness to develop
  • •Design farriery and management interventions based on the specific forces causing distortion in each individual horse, rather than applying generic solutions
  • •Thermography offers early detection capability for soft tissue injuries like tendon damage before horses show clinical signs of lameness
  • •Use thermal imaging to objectively document inflammatory changes and track healing over time in lame horses
  • •Consider thermography as a complementary diagnostic tool alongside traditional lameness evaluation methods to identify clinically relevant heat variations
  • •Gait analysis provides objective, quantifiable methods to detect and monitor lameness, improving diagnostic accuracy beyond visual assessment
  • •Early performance testing can identify suitable candidates for specific disciplines before expensive training investment, improving profitability
  • •Systematic gait analysis supports breeding selection for sound, performance-appropriate horses, reducing lameness incidence in future generations
  • •Sesamoidosis involves measurable vascular adaptation; understanding these changes may help differentiate true sesamoidosis from other causes of proximal sesamoid bone lameness
  • •The arterial shift pattern is a secondary change linked to bone remodelling, suggesting managing the initial circulatory or mechanical stimulus may be key to preventing progression
  • •Radiographic changes in sesamoidosis correlate with significant vascular reorganization, reinforcing the need for early intervention before compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed
  • •High-dose ketoprofen (3.63 mg/kg) may provide superior pain relief in horses with chronic laminitis compared to standard phenylbutazone dosing
  • •Consider that higher ketoprofen dosing maintains analgesic effects into the 24-hour period, potentially improving management of chronic hoof pain
  • •When selecting NSAIDs for chronic laminitis cases, ketoprofen at elevated doses warrants consideration, though safety profile at 1.65× recommended dose should be evaluated before clinical adoption
  • •Multiple radiographic features of navicular disease correlate with clinical lameness; flexor cortex defects and medullary changes are most prognostically significant
  • •Not all radiological findings in navicular disease are clinically relevant—distal border invaginations and flexor cortex thinning do not reliably predict lameness severity
  • •In bilateral cases, focus on poor corticomedullary demarcation and distal border fragmentation as better indicators of asymmetrical disease severity
  • •When standard racetrack evaluations fail to identify poor performance causes, refer to specialized sports medicine facilities with high-speed treadmill and endoscopy capabilities for definitive diagnosis
  • •Incorporate hoof balance evaluation into lameness diagnostic and preventive protocols, as imbalance directly affects stress distribution on critical structures
  • •Use advanced imaging (scintigraphy, CT) rather than relying solely on radiographs when musculoskeletal injuries are suspected but conventional imaging is inconclusive
  • •Early intervention within 1 month of drainage onset significantly improves prognosis; delayed treatment substantially reduces chance of return to soundness
  • •Surgical management (curettage or resection) yields better outcomes than conservative treatment for collateral cartilage necrosis
  • •Drain wounds over the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx should be treated urgently to prevent progression to septic arthritis and permanent lameness
  • •This agenda-setting paper identifies critical gaps in equine locomotion science that should inform future clinical practice improvements in lameness diagnosis and management
  • •Understanding research priorities helps practitioners recognize that many aspects of equine movement and lameness remain incompletely understood, warranting evidence-based cautious approaches
  • •Development of better clinical tools and diagnostic methods for lameness identification should be prioritized based on the research roadmap outlined
  • •Fit shoes with extended heels reaching the bulb of the heel to prevent the most common farriery-related lameness; avoid shoes that are too short at the heel
  • •Use flat shoes with wide heel coverage rather than heel wedges when addressing collapsed heels, and remove inturned horn to redirect tubule growth
  • •Avoid three-quarter shoes and single studs as they create uneven pressure and joint misalignment; maintain natural hoof proportions during fitting
  • •Reject excessive hoof growth and wide beveling protocols for Shire show horses; return to conventional trimming maintaining proper hoof-pastern axis and natural proportions (length slightly exceeding width)
  • •Use wider web shoes with white zone nail placement instead of coarse nailing through hard horn to reduce laminar stress and sheared heel development
  • •Avoid extreme lateral heel lowering procedures; prioritize structural balance and welfare over show ring appearance to prevent lameness and ligamentous injury
  • •IMU-based systems can objectively classify gaits with >91% accuracy in real clinical settings, potentially improving objective lameness assessment beyond visual evaluation
  • •Veterinarians using these systems need only ~110 labeled reference cases to train effective models, making implementation practical for clinical adoption
  • •Automated gait identification during examination allows consistent comparison of vertical displacement symmetry across different horses and populations
  • •Intrathecal and intraneural local anaesthetic injections may compromise tenocyte viability and potentially reduce efficacy of associated therapies in horses with tendon conditions.
  • •Consider using platelet rich plasma adjunctively with local anaesthetic injections to mitigate cytotoxic effects on tendon tissue.
  • •Exercise caution when using local anaesthetics for lameness examinations or pain management in horses with tendon involvement, particularly with higher concentrations.
  • •This technology could enable objective lameness assessment in the field and across varied gaits, reducing reliance on subjective visual evaluation by veterinarians
  • •The self-contained design with onboard data storage eliminates the limitations of force plates (which cannot record successive strides) and previous prototypes that required tethering or external equipment
  • •The 5-10% measurement accuracy suggests the device is ready for in vivo testing on live horses and could become a practical diagnostic tool for lameness evaluation
  • •Alternate which fore foot you trim first to prevent cumulative size and balance discrepancies between paired feet that develop over time
  • •Use a T-square to objectively assess mediolateral balance in fore feet rather than relying on visual assessment alone, particularly important for hard-surface working horses
  • •Adjust trimming strategy when hoof-pastern axis is elevated: lower the lateral branch of fore feet to achieve more even shoe wear and reduce compensatory lameness
  • •Recognize subtle behavioral and gait changes in horses as early warning signs—intervention at this stage can prevent irreversible navicular disease
  • •Maintain proper hoof-pastern axis through corrective shoeing every 4-6 weeks; address both anterior-posterior and medio-lateral imbalances to prevent heel collapse
  • •Keep horses in regular daily work during corrective treatment for optimal response to farriery interventions

Key Research Findings

Systematic review of 22 studies found PRP improves lameness, tissue healing, and return-to-competition rates in equine tendon and ligament injuries

J. Carmona, 2025

Significant variability exists in PRP preparation methods including platelet/leukocyte concentrations, activation techniques, and dosing protocols

J. Carmona, 2025

Combination of PRP with mesenchymal stem cells may enhance outcomes but requires further controlled investigation

J. Carmona, 2025

Lack of standardized PRP production and reporting protocols limits reproducibility and clinical guideline development

J. Carmona, 2025

Acupuncture improves outcomes in horses with laminitis (Odds Ratio = 2.254; 95% CI = 1.167-4.355)

Fikri, 2025

Acupuncture has a favorable effect on lameness scores with mean difference of -5.008 (95% CI = -8.094 to -1.923)

Fikri, 2025

Twice-weekly acupuncture for 4 consecutive weeks can ameliorate lameness scores and improve recovery potential

Fikri, 2025

Multiple acupuncture modalities including dry needling, hemo-acupuncture, aqua-acupuncture, and electroacupuncture show therapeutic benefit

Fikri, 2025

46 studies identified examining horseshoe effects on equine kinetics and kinematics with highly variable outcomes and limited consensus across unrelated studies.

Aoun, 2025

Most studies compared modified shoe designs to unshod or standard open-heel shoes using non-lame horses with force platforms, pressure plates, and videography as primary measurement tools.

Aoun, 2025

Significant methodological limitations identified including small sample sizes, single breed populations, lack of randomization, and outcome measures unique to individual studies limiting comparability.

Aoun, 2025

Major knowledge gaps exist regarding bilateral limb data collection, effects of conformation, hoof morphology, and health status on shoeing outcomes.

Aoun, 2025

Pooled prevalence of lameness in working equids in LMICs is 29.9% (95% CI 17-47%), rising to 38.4% when gait abnormalities are included

Merridale-Punter Mathilde S, 2022

Lower body condition scores, unresponsive attitudes, and old age were the most frequently reported factors positively associated with lameness

Merridale-Punter Mathilde S, 2022

Working 7 days per week was significantly associated with lameness prevalence

Merridale-Punter Mathilde S, 2022

Evidence Base

Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Experimental Studies

J. Carmona, C. López (2025) — Veterinary Sciences

Systematic Review

Effectiveness of acupuncture for equine laminitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Fikri, Purnomo, Maslamama et al. (2025) — Veterinary world

Systematic Review

Horseshoe effects on equine gait-A systematic scoping review.

Aoun, Takawira, Lopez (2025) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Systematic Review

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Working Equid Lameness in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Merridale-Punter Mathilde S, Wiethoelter Anke K, El-Hage Charles M et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Systematic Review

Claw Trimming as a Lameness Management Practice and the Association with Welfare and Production in Dairy Cows.

Sadiq Mohammed Babatunde, Ramanoon Siti Zubaidah, Mansor Rozaihan et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Systematic Review

Review of the application and efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in equine tendon and ligament injuries

Yocom A. F., Bass L. D. (2019) — Equine Veterinary Education

Systematic Review

On the brink of daily clinical application of objective gait analysis: What evidence do we have so far from studies using an induced lameness model?

Serra Bragan&#xe7;a F M, Rhodin M, van Weeren P R (2018) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Systematic Review

Dietary quercetin supplementation alleviates claw lesions in dairy cows by modulating the PI3K/Akt and NF-&#x3ba;B signaling pathways.

Zhai Changhong, Lin Jingyi, Yang Xiaonan et al. (2025) — BMC veterinary research

RCT

de Carvalho J&#xfa;lia Ribeiro Garcia, Del Puppo Debora, Littiere Thayssa de Oliveira et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

A randomized, triple-blinded controlled clinical study with a novel disease-modifying drug combination in equine lameness-associated osteoarthritis

E. Skiöldebrand, S. Adepu, C. Lützelschwab et al. (2023) — Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open

RCT

Intra-articular bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy improves lameness from naturally occurring equine osteoarthritis.

Everett J Blake, Menarim Bruno C, Barrett Sarah H et al. (2023) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

Investigating the effect of prophylactic claw trimming on the interval between calving and first observed elevated locomotion score in pasture-based dairy cows.

Werema, Hoekstra, Laven et al. (2023) — New Zealand veterinary journal

RCT

Preventive Hoof Trimming and Animal-Based Welfare Measures Influence the Time to First Lameness Event and Hoof Lesion Prevalence in Dairy Cows.

Sadiq Mohammed B, Ramanoon Siti Z, Shaik Mossadeq Wan Mastura M et al. (2021) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

The effects of rider size and saddle fit for horse and rider on forces and pressure distribution under saddles: A pilot study

L. Roost, A. Ellis, C. Morris et al. (2020) — Equine Veterinary Education

RCT

Comparison of efficacy and safety of single versus repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic neonatal mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of osteoarthritis of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joint in horses: A clinical pilot study.

Magri Carmelo, Schramme Michael, Febre Marine et al. (2019) — PloS one

RCT

Equine Dental Pulp Connective Tissue Particles Reduced Lameness in Horses in a Controlled Clinical Trial.

Bertone Alicia L, Reisbig Nathalie A, Kilborne Allison H et al. (2017) — Frontiers in veterinary science

RCT

Equine allogeneic umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stromal cells reduce synovial fluid nucleated cell count and induce mild self-limiting inflammation when evaluated in an lipopolysaccharide induced synovitis model.

Williams L B, Koenig J B, Black B et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Intra-articular treatment with triamcinolone compared with triamcinolone with hyaluronate: A randomised open-label multicentre clinical trial in 80 lame horses.

de Grauw J C, Visser-Meijer M C, Lashley F et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Multicentre, controlled, randomised and blinded field study comparing efficacy of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone in lame horses.

Sabat&#xe9; D, Homedes J, Salichs M et al. (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

RCT

Effects of Hoof Trimming on Feed Consumption, Milk Yield, Oxidant and Antioxidant System in Dairy Cows with Hoof Deformities

Yakan Selvinaz

Cohort Study
Show 275 more references

The impact of cumulative bone fatigue on musculoskeletal injury risk in racing Thoroughbreds.

Morrice-West Ashleigh V, Wong Adelene S M, Hitchens Peta L et al. (2025) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Agreement between subjective evaluations and a markerless AI-based gait analysis system during lungeing assessment in traditional racehorses.

Meistro F, Ralletti M V, Rinnovati R et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Assessment of movement asymmetry in horses without saddle, saddled, and ridden by different riders in a straight line

A. Rodrigues, M. S. Azevedo, Ricardo Pozzobon (2025) — Ciência Rural

Cohort Study

Comparison of Two Surgical Techniques for the Treatment of Equine Hindlimb Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy

Kendra D. Freeman, M. N. Adams, Allison E. Salinger et al. (2025) — Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Prejudicial findings regarding suitability for intended purpose during pre-purchase examinations in a mixed horse population-A retrospective observational study in the United Kingdom.

Shelton Annabel V, Tupper Jason, Bolt David M (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Objective lameness assessment of 235 horses undergoing lameness examination in Brazil: A retrospective study

A. Rodrigues, Ricardo Pozzobon, Grasiela De Bastiani et al. (2025) — Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Cohort Study

Objective movement asymmetry in horses is comparable between markerless technology and sensor-based systems.

Kallerud Anne S, Marques-Smith Patrick, Bendiksen Helle K et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Frequency and nature of health issues among horses housed in an active open barn compared to single boxes-A field study.

Kjellberg Linda, Dahlborn Kristina, Roepstorff Lars et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Agreement between subjective gait assessment and markerless video gait-analysis in endurance horses.

de Chiara, Montano, De Matteis et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Determination of Equine Behaviour in Subjectively Non-Lame Ridden Sports Horses and Comparison with Lame Sports Horses Evaluated at Competitions.

Dyson Sue, Pollard Danica (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Evaluating machine learning algorithms to predict lameness in dairy cattle.

Neupane Rajesh, Aryal Ashrant, Haeussermann Angelika et al. (2024) — PloS one

Cohort Study

A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome.

Benedetti Beatrice, Freccero Francesca, Barton Jill et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Evaluation of 'In-Parlour Scoring' (IPS) to Detect Lameness in Dairy Cows during Milking.

Laschinger Jasmin, Fuerst-Waltl Birgit, Fuerst Lisa et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Comparison of Reported Fatalities, Falls and Injuries in Thoroughbred Horse Jumps and Flat Races in the 2022 and 2023 Jumps Race Seasons in Victoria, Australia.

Jeppesen Angela, Eyers Rebekah, Evans Di et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

The difference in radiographic findings in the distal limbs of working Lipizzan horses, used for dressage or driving.

Zalig Valentina, Vengust Modest, Blagus Rok et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Investigating Associations between Horse Hoof Conformation and Presence of Lameness.

Mata, Franca, Ara&#xfa;jo et al. (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Outcome of tenoscopically guided palmar/plantar annular ligament desmotomy for the treatment of palmar/plantar annular ligament constriction without concurrent intrathecal soft-tissue injury in a UK horse population.

Wood Andrew Douglas, Parker Russell Alexander, Marcatili Marco et al. (2024) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Cohort Study

Digital video analysis reveals gait parameters that predict performance in the jumping test phase of three-day eventing.

Johns L T, Smythe M P, Dewberry L S et al. (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Evaluation of cartilage injury in horses with osteochondral fragments in the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joint: A study on 823 arthroscopies.

Goldkuhl Janna Evelina Cornelia, Zablotski Yury, Sill Volker et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Pressure pain mapping of equine distal joints: feasibility and reliability

Jana Gisler, L. Chiavaccini, Severin Blum et al. (2024) — Frontiers in Pain Research

Cohort Study

Comparison of Uterine Involution and the Resumption of Ovarian Cyclicity between Lame and Sound Holstein Cows.

Praxitelous Anastasia, Katsoulos Panagiotis D, Tsaousioti Angeliki et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Application of the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram to 150 Horses with Musculoskeletal Pain before and after Diagnostic Anaesthesia.

Dyson Sue, Pollard Danica (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Characterization of exercise-induced hemolysis in endurance horses.

Pakula Patrycja D, Halama Anna, Al-Dous Eman K et al. (2023) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

Risk factors for lameness elimination in British endurance riding.

Bloom Fiona, Draper Stephen, Bennet Euan et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Comparing Inertial Measurement Units to Markerless Video Analysis for Movement Symmetry in Quarter Horses.

Pfau, Landsbergen, Davis et al. (2023) — Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Cohort Study

Health Treatment Cost of Holsteins in Eight High-Performance Herds.

Donnelly Michael R, Hazel Amy R, Hansen Leslie B et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Effects of High Concentrate-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis Severity on Claw Health in First-Lactation Holstein Cows.

Kofler Johann, Hoefler Michael, Hartinger Thomas et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Heart rate variability during high-speed treadmill exercise and recovery in Thoroughbred racehorses presented for poor performance.

Hammond Anna, Sage William, Hezzell Melanie et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Is Markerless More or Less? Comparing a Smartphone Computer Vision Method for Equine Lameness Assessment to Multi-Camera Motion Capture.

Lawin Felix J&#xe4;remo, Bystr&#xf6;m Anna, Roepstorff Christoffer et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Hoof Unevenness in Juvenile Quarter Horses During First 6 Months of Training.

Kawahisa-Piquini Gabriella, Bass Luke, Pezzanite Lynn M et al. (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Comparison of Asymmetry During Trot In-Hand With Evaluations of Discomfort and Pain in Horses While Exercised.

Soiluva Johanna, H&#xe4;yrinen Lotta, Gangini Giacomo et al. (2023) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Gehlen Heidrun, Inerle Katharina, Bartel Alexander et al. (2023) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Retrospective Analysis of the Use of Tiludronate in Equine Practice: Safety on 1804 Horses, Efficacy on 343 Horses.

Tischmacher Adeline, Wilford Sophie, Allen Kent et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Brief Research Report: How Do Claw Disorders Affect Activity, Body Weight, and Milk Yield of Multiparous Holstein Dairy Cows?

Magrin Luisa, Cozzi Giulio, Lora Isabella et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Cohort Study

An investigation into the relationship between equine behaviour when tacked‐up and mounted and epaxial muscle hypertonicity or pain, girth region hypersensitivity, saddle‐fit, rider position and balance, and lameness

Dyson S., Bondi A., Routh J. et al. (2022) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

Evaluating Alternatives to Locomotion Scoring for Detecting Lameness in Pasture-Based Dairy Cattle in New Zealand: In-Parlour Scoring.

Werema Chacha W, Yang Dan A, Laven Linda J et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Quantitative Gait Analysis Before and After a Cross-country Test in a Population of Elite Eventing Horses.

Scheidegger Milena D, Gerber Vinzenz, Dolf Gaudenz et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Visual lameness assessment in comparison to quantitative gait analysis data in horses.

Hardeman Aagje M, Egenvall Agneta, Serra Bragan&#xe7;a Filipe M et al. (2022) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The influence of rider skill on ridden horse behaviour, assessed using the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram, and gait quality

Dyson S., Martin C., Bondi A. et al. (2022) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

Timing of Vertical Head, Withers and Pelvis Movements Relative to the Footfalls in Different Equine Gaits and Breeds.

Rhodin, Smit, Persson-Sjodin et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Application of a Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram to horses competing at 5‐star three‐day‐events: Comparison with performance

Dyson S., Ellis A. D. (2022) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

Linear Discriminant Analysis for Investigating Differences in Upper Body Movement Symmetry in Horses before/after Diagnostic Analgesia in Relation to Expert Judgement.

Pfau Thilo, Bolt David M, Fiske-Jackson Andrew et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Gait abnormalities and ridden horse behaviour in a convenience sample of the United Kingdom ridden sports horse and leisure horse population

Dyson S., Routh J., Bondi A. et al. (2022) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

Effects of Starch Overload and Cecal Buffering on Fecal Microbiota of Horses.

Bustamante Caio C, de Paula Vanessa B, Rabelo Isabela P et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Evaluation of long-term welfare initiatives on working equid welfare and social transmission of knowledge in Mexico.

Haddy Emily, Burden Faith, Fernando-Mart&#xed;nez Jos&#xe9; Antonio et al. (2021) — PloS one

Cohort Study

Kinematic Patterns in Horses Sedated With Low Doses of Detomidine: An Accelerometric Evaluation.

Calvo-Santesmases Atocha, Manso-D&#xed;az Gabriel, Fores Paloma et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Cohort Study

Retrospective analysis of lameness localisation in Western Performance Horses: A ten-year review.

Johnson Sherry A, Donnell Josh R, Donnell Alan D et al. (2021) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The lipopolysaccharide model for the experimental induction of transient lameness and synovitis in Standardbred horses.

Van de Water E, Oosterlinck M, Korthagen N M et al. (2021) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

The Freestall Reimagined: Effects on Stall Hygiene and Space Usage in Dairy Cattle.

Beaver Annabelle, Strazhnik Emma, von Keyserlingk Marina A G et al. (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Application of the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram to Horses Competing at the Hickstead-Rotterdam Grand Prix Challenge and the British Dressage Grand Prix National Championship 2020 and Comparison with World Cup Grand Prix Competitions.

Dyson Sue, Pollard Danica (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Investigation of synovial fluid lubricants and inflammatory cytokines in the horse: a comparison of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta-induced synovitis and joint lavage models.

Watkins Amanda, Fasanello Diana, Stefanovski Darko et al. (2021) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Crooked tail carriage in horses: Increased prevalence in lame horses and those with thoracolumbar epaxial muscle tension or sacroiliac joint region pain

Hibbs K. C., Jarvis G. E., Dyson S. J. (2021) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

An investigation into the occurrence of, and risk factors for, concurrent suspensory ligament injuries in horses with hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy

Gruyaert M., Pollard D., Dyson S. J. (2020) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

Removal of bovine digital dermatitis-associated treponemes from hoof knives after foot-trimming: a disinfection field study.

Gillespie A V, Carter S D, Blowey R W et al. (2020) — BMC veterinary research

Cohort Study

Postinjury performance for differing humeral stress fracture locations in the racing thoroughbred.

Henderson Brianne, Bramlage L R, Koenig Judith et al. (2020) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Cohort Study

Can veterinarians reliably apply a whole horse ridden ethogram to differentiate nonlame and lame horses based on live horse assessment of behaviour?

Dyson S., Thomson K., Quiney L. et al. (2020) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

Comparison of results for body-mounted inertial sensor assessment with final lameness determination in 1,224 equids.

S. K. Reed, J. Kramer, L. Thombs et al. (2020) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Cohort Study

Application of a Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram and Its Relationship with Gait in a Convenience Sample of 60 Riding Horses.

Dyson Sue, Pollard Danica (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Health and Body Conditions of Riding School Horses Housed in Groups or Kept in Conventional Tie-Stall/Box Housing.

Yngvesson Jenny, Rey Torres Juan Carlos, Lindholm Jasmine et al. (2019) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Characteristics of Endurance Competitions and Risk Factors for Elimination in New Zealand during Six Seasons of Competition (2010/11-2015/16).

Legg Kylie A, Weston Jenny F, Gee Erica K et al. (2019) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Cohort Study

Comparing the clinical success rate of the dorsolateral approach to the medial approach for injection of the centrodistal joint in the horse.

Hoaglund E L, Seabaugh K A, Selberg K T et al. (2019) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Prevalence of thin soles in the hind limbs of dairy cows housed on fully-floored vs. partially-floored mastic asphalt areas in Austria.

F&#xfc;hrer G, Majoro&#x161; Osov&#xe1; A, Vogl C et al. (2019) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Exploring relationships between body condition score, body fat, activity level and inflammatory biomarkers.

Pearson W, Wood K, Stanley S et al. (2018) — Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition

Cohort Study

Pharmacokinetics of tiludronate in horses: A field population study.

Popot M A, Jacobs M, Garcia P et al. (2018) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Descriptive epidemiology of veterinary events in flat racing Thoroughbreds in Great Britain (2000 to 2013).

Rosanowski S M, Chang Y M, Stirk A J et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Assessment of horse owners' ability to recognise equine laminitis: A cross-sectional study of 93 veterinary diagnosed cases in Great Britain.

Pollard D, Wylie C E, Verheyen K L P et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Rater agreement of visual lameness assessment in horses during lungeing.

Hammarberg M, Egenvall A, Pfau T et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

A 2.5 year study on health and locomotion symmetry in young Standardbred horses subjected to two levels of high intensity training distance.

Ringmark S, Jansson A, Lindholm A et al. (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses

T. Pfau, H. Boultbee, H. Davis et al. (2016) — Equine Veterinary Education

Cohort Study

Movement asymmetry in working polo horses.

Pfau T, Parkes R S, Burden E R et al. (2016) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Claw health and prevalence of lameness in cows from compost bedded and cubicle freestall dairy barns in Austria.

Burgstaller J, Raith J, Kuchling S et al. (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Saddle fit and management: An investigation of the association with equine thoracolumbar asymmetries, horse and rider health.

Greve L, Dyson S (2015) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Speed and Cardiac Recovery Variables Predict the Probability of Elimination in Equine Endurance Events.

Younes Mohamed, Robert C&#xe9;line, Cottin Fran&#xe7;ois et al. (2015) — PloS one

Cohort Study

A two-year participatory intervention project with owners to reduce lameness and limb abnormalities in working horses in Jaipur, India.

Reix Christine E, Dikshit Amit K, Hockenhull Jo et al. (2015) — PloS one

Cohort Study

Evaluation of changes in equine care and limb-related abnormalities in working horses in Jaipur, India, as part of a two year participatory intervention study.

Whay Helen R, Dikshit Amit K, Hockenhull Jo et al. (2015) — PloS one

Cohort Study

Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Configuration of Incomplete Proximal Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx in Horses Not Used for Racing.

Br&#xfc;nisholz Herv&#xe9; P, Hagen Regine, F&#xfc;rst Anton E et al. (2015) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Cohort Study

Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors for eliminations from F&#xe9;d&#xe9;ration Equestre Internationale endurance rides due to lameness and metabolic reasons (2008-2011).

Nagy A, Murray J K, Dyson S J (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The range and prevalence of clinical signs and conformation associated with lameness in working draught donkeys in Pakistan.

Reix C E, Burn C C, Pritchard J C et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Incidence, causes and outcomes of lameness cases in a working military horse population: a field study.

Putnam J R C, Holmes L M, Green M J et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The interrelationship of lameness, saddle slip and back shape in the general sports horse population.

Greve L, Dyson S J (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Distal limb desensitisation following analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses using four different techniques.

Jordana M, Martens A, Duchateau L et al. (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Horse-, rider-, venue- and environment-related risk factors for elimination from F&#xe9;d&#xe9;ration Equestre Internationale endurance rides due to lameness and metabolic reasons.

Nagy A, Murray J K, Dyson S J (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases.

Ireland J L, Clegg P D, McGowan C M et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Comparison of an inertial sensor system of lameness quantification with subjective lameness evaluation.

McCracken M J, Kramer J, Keegan K G et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

A comparative study of proximal hindlimb flexion in horses: 5 versus 60 seconds.

Armentrout A R, Beard W L, White B J et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom.

Ireland J L, Clegg P D, McGowan C M et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Systemic or intrasynovial medication as singular or as combination treatment in horses with (peri-)synovial pain.

Brommer H, Schipper P, Barneveld A et al. (2012) — The Veterinary record

Cohort Study

Exercise in Thoroughbred yearlings during sales preparation: a cohort study.

Bolwell C F, Rogers C W, French N P et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Welfare and health of horses transported for slaughter within the European Union Part 1: Methodology and descriptive data.

Marlin D, Kettlewell P, Parkin T et al. (2011) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Repeatability of subjective evaluation of lameness in horses.

Keegan K G, Dent E V, Wilson D A et al. (2010) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Influence of different exercise regimes on the proximal hoof circumference in young Thoroughbred horses.

Decurnex V, Anderson G A, Davies H M S (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

The range and prevalence of pathological abnormalities associated with lameness in working horses from developing countries.

Broster C E, Burn C C, Barr A R S et al. (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Days lost from training by two- and three-year-old Thoroughbred horses: a survey of seven UK training yards.

Dyson P K, Jackson B F, Pfeiffer D U et al. (2008) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Radiographic, scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx.

Nagy A, Dyson S J, Murray R M (2008) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Use of force sensors to detect and analyse lameness in dairy cows.

Kujala M, Pastell M, Soveri T (2008) — The Veterinary record

Cohort Study

Effects of housing, parturition and diet change on the biochemistry and biomechanics of the support structures of the hoof of dairy heifers.

Knott L, Tarlton J F, Craft H et al. (2007) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anaesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses.

Arkell M, Archer R M, Guitian F J et al. (2006) — The Veterinary record

Cohort Study

[Retrospective evaluation of surgical versus conservative treatment of keratomas in 41 lame horses (1995-2001)].

Bosch, van Schie, Back (2005) — Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde

Cohort Study

The sacroiliac joints: evaluation using nuclear scintigraphy. Part 2: Lame horses.

Dyson S, Murray R, Branch M et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Retrospective evaluation of equine prepurchase examinations performed 1991-2000.

van Hoogmoed, Snyder, Thomas et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Subjective and quantitative scintigraphic assessment of the equine foot and its relationship with foot pain.

Dyson S J (2002) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Factors influencing blood flow in the equine digit and their effect on uptake of 99m technetium methylene diphosphonate into bone.

Dyson S, Lakhani K, Wood J (2001) — Equine veterinary journal

Cohort Study

Effects of housing and two forage diets on the development of claw horn lesions in dairy cows at first calving and in first lactation.

Webster A J (2001) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Body centre of mass movement in the sound horse.

Buchner H H, Oberm&#xfc;ller S, Scheidl M (2000) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

A comparison of hoof lesions and behaviour in pregnant and early lactation heifers at housing.

Chaplin S J, Ternent H E, Offer J E et al. (2000) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Cohort Study

Evaluation of detomidine-induced analgesia in horses with chronic hoof pain.

Owens, Kamerling, Stanton et al. (1996) — The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics

Cohort Study

Femoral nerve neuropathy of an endurance horse as a sequela of iliopsoas muscle myopathy diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography.

Puccetti M, Beccati F, Pilati N (2026) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Application of different physiotherapy techniques in healing of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the horse - a case report

Ewa Jastrzębska, Katarzyna Wolińska, Marta Mieszkowska et al. (2026) — Medycyna Weterynaryjna

Case Report

Imaging and histopathological findings of a third metacarpal aneurysmal bone cyst and pathological proximal suspensory ligament avulsion fracture

Fletcher O., Mackinder J., Agass R. et al. (2025) — Equine Veterinary Education

Case Report

Desmitis of the palmar or plantar ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal joint: A descriptive case series.

Peeters Manon W J, Ott Stephan, van Veggel Elisabeth et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Wilson-Welder Jennifer, Mansfield Kristin, Han Sushan et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries associated with lameness in Australian campdraft horses.

Argue Brodie J, Labens Raphael (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Presumptive Lyme disease-associated eosinophilic synovitis in a horse.

Serpa P B S, Bogers S, Byron C et al. (2025) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Convolutional neural network for early detection of lameness and irregularity in horses using an IMU sensor

Benoit Savoini, J. Bertolaccini, Stéphan e Montavon et al. (2025) — 2025 International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning and Data Science (AMLDS)

Case Report

Case report: The gastrointestinal nematode Strongylus vulgaris as a cause of hoof abscess in a donkey.

Stahel Lina, Bigler Naomi Ana, Grimm Felix et al. (2025) — BMC veterinary research

Case Report

Combined standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging and fan-beam computed tomographic diagnosis of fetlock region pain in 27 sports horses.

Nagy Annamaria, Dyson Sue J (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

The effect of 0.5 mL mepivacaine administered as an abaxial sesamoid nerve block on lameness of horses with digital pain did not differ significantly from that of 2.5 mL of mepivacaine.

Robert C Cole, Fred J DeGraves, Jessica Brown et al. (2025) — American journal of veterinary research

Case Report

Hoof wall masses removal in 30 standing sedated horses: Surgical technique, postoperative complications and long-term outcome.

Ross Catherine, White Jonathan M, Hibner-Szaltys Maria et al. (2025) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Normal MRI features of the manica flexoria in horses and evaluation of the anatomic variability between forelimbs and hindlimbs.

Miles Samantha, McCauley Charles, Carossino Mariano et al. (2025) — PloS one

Case Report

Intraarticular treatment with integrin &#x3b1;10&#x3b2;1-selected mesenchymal stem cells affects microRNA expression in experimental post-traumatic osteoarthritis in horses.

Andersen Camilla, Walters Marie, Bundgaard Louise et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Case report: Equine metacarpophalangeal joint partial and full thickness defects treated with allogenic equine synovial membrane mesenchymal stem/stromal cell combined with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cell conditioned medium.

Reis I L, Lopes B, Sousa P et al. (2024) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Onchocerca sp. in an imported Zangersheide gelding causing suspensory ligament desmitis.

Brown Kara A, Johnson Amy L, Bender Susan J et al. (2023) — Journal of veterinary internal medicine

Case Report

Rib fractures in adult horses as a cause of poor performance; diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 73 horses.

Hall Suzy, Smith Roger, Ramzan Peter H L et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Application of a Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram in Icelandic horses: A pilot study

Garcia Helene Dragelund, Lindegaard Casper, Dyson Sue (2023) — Equine Veterinary Education

Case Report

Evaluating the Effect of Routine Hoof Trimming on Fore and Hind Hooves Impact Phase Kinetics.

Faramarzi, Nelson, Dong (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

An Extra-Articular Surgical Approach to Subchondral Bone Cysts in the Humeral Head and Talus in Two Horses.

Ravanetti Paolo, K&#xfc;hnle Christoph, Lechartier Antoine et al. (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Retrospective Analysis of Cause-of-Death at an Equine Retirement Center in the Netherlands Over an Eight-Year Period.

van Proosdij Rick, Frietman Sjoerd (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Objective lameness assessment in horses used for equine-assisted therapy in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

P. M. Taschetto, M. S. Azevedo, A. Rodrigues et al. (2022) — Ciência Rural

Case Report

Platelet-rich Plasma Combined With a Sterile 3D Polylactic Acid Scaffold for Postoperative Management of Complete Hoof Wall Resection for Keratoma in Four Horses.

Leonardi, Angelone, Biacca et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

A Retrospective Case Study into the Effect of Hoof Lesions on the Lying Behaviour of Holstein-Friesian in a Loose-Housed System.

Ji Karen Jiewei, Booth Richard E, Blackie Nicola (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Case Report

Assessment of intrasynovial injection in horses by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using air bubbles created by agitation of solution.

Ogden Nadine K E, Cullen Matthew D, Stack John D (2021) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Surgical Repair of a Unicortical Condylar Fracture in a Thoroughbred Racehorse Using a Bioabsorbable Screw.

Ravanetti Paolo, Hamon Muriel, Lechartier Antoin et al. (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Surgical treatment of a second metacarpal bone exostosis with associated desmitis of the body of the suspensory ligament in a horse

Owen K. R., Hinnigan G. J., Smith C. E. et al. (2020) — Equine Veterinary Education

Case Report

Synovial sepsis of unknown origin in the adult Thoroughbred racehorse.

Byrne C A, Lumsden J M, Lang H M et al. (2020) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Morphological and Imaging Evaluation of the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joints in Healthy and Lame Donkeys.

El-Gendy Samir A A, Alsafy Mohamed A M, Rutland Catrin Sian et al. (2020) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Changes in Saliva Analytes Associated with Lameness in Cows: A Pilot Study.

Contreras-Aguilar Mar&#xed;a D, Vallejo-Mateo Pedro Javier, &#x17d;elvyt&#x117; Rasa et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Case Report

Primary Hyperparathyroidism Associated With Atypical Headshaking Behavior in a Warmblood Gelding.

Schwarz Bianca, Klang Andrea, Schwendenwein Ilse (2020) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Case Report

Is the T-ligament a ligament? A histological study in equine cadaver forelimbs.

F. Hontoir, F. Paques, V. Simon et al. (2020) — Research in veterinary science

Case Report

Evaluation of infrared thermography, force platform and filmed locomotion score as non-invasive diagnostic methods for acute laminitis in zebu cattle.

Sousa Rejane Dos Santos, de Oliveira Francisco Leonardo Costa, Dias Mailson Rennan Borges et al. (2020) — PloS one

Case Report

Subchondral lucencies of the proximal tibia in 17 horses.

Santschi Elizabeth M, Whitman Jeremy L, Prichard Michael A et al. (2020) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Health and welfare problems of pack donkeys and cart horses in and around Holeta town, Walmara district, Central Ethiopia

Chala Chaburte, Bojia Endabu, Feleke Getahun et al. (2019) — Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health

Case Report

Using the Footfall Sound of Dairy Cows for Detecting Claw Lesions.

Volkmann Nina, Kulig Boris, Kemper Nicole (2019) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Case Report

Evaluation of a gait scoring system for cattle by using cluster analysis and Krippendorff's &#x3b1; reliability.

Volkmann Nina, Stracke Jenny, Kemper Nicole (2019) — The Veterinary record

Case Report

Putative parapoxvirus-associated foot disease in the endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, Chile.

Vila Alejandro R, Brice&#xf1;o Crist&#xf3;bal, McAloose Denise et al. (2019) — PloS one

Case Report

Use of an aiming device and computed tomography for assisted debridement of subchondral cystic lesions in the limbs of horses.

Jackson Michelle A, Ohlerth Stefanie, F&#xfc;rst Anton E (2019) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia.

Pinsky Tova C, Puja I Ketut, Aleri Joshua et al. (2019) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Case Report

Relationship Between Historical Lameness, Medication Usage, Surgery, and Exercise With Catastrophic Musculoskeletal Injury in Racehorses.

Hitchens Peta L, Hill Ashley E, Stover Susan M (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Case Report

Epidemiology of fractures: The role of kick injuries in equine fractures.

Donati B, F&#xfc;rst A E, H&#xe4;ssig M et al. (2018) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Septic tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in a Thoroughbred horse referred for weight loss and intermittent fever

Santinelli I., Beccati F., Passamonti F. et al. (2017) — Equine Veterinary Education

Case Report

Treatment of septic arthritis of the coxofemoral joint in 12 foals.

Barcel&#xf3; Oliver F, Russell T M, Uprichard K L et al. (2017) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

What's New in Old Horses? Postmortem Diagnoses in Mature and Aged Equids.

Miller M A, Moore G E, Bertin F R et al. (2016) — Veterinary pathology

Case Report

Solar keratoma: An atypical case.

Miller, Katzwinkel (2016) — Journal of the South African Veterinary Association

Case Report

Mineralization of the Equine Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament Treated by Surgical Resection.

Garvican Elaine R, Wylie Claire E, Payne Richard J et al. (2016) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Identification and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the distal sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal bone.

Wright I M, Minshall G J (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Equine articular synovial cysts: 16 cases.

Lacourt Mathieu, MacDonald Melinda, Rossier Yves et al. (2013) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Lameness scoring system for dairy cows using force plates and artificial intelligence.

Ghotoorlar S Mokaram, Ghamsari S Mehdi, Nowrouzian I et al. (2012) — The Veterinary record

Case Report

Osteochondrosis lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur in four ponies.

Voute L C, Henson F M D, Platt D et al. (2011) — The Veterinary record

Case Report

The foot and pastern

Dyson Sue, Murray Rachel (2010) — Equine MRI

Case Report

Diagnosis, management, and outcome in 19 horses with deltoid tuberosity fractures.

Fiske-Jackson Andrew R, Crawford Andrew L, Archer R Michael et al. (2010) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Deep erosions of the palmar aspect of the navicular bone diagnosed by standing magnetic resonance imaging.

Sherlock, Mair, Blunden (2009) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Arthroscopic removal of metallic foreign body from the talocrural joint using a magnetic retriever in a horse.

Jansson Nicolai (2009) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

Morphologic changes associated with functional adaptation of the navicular bone of horses.

Bentley, Sample, Livesey et al. (2008) — Journal of anatomy

Case Report

Retrospective study of palmar/plantar annular ligament injury in 71 horses: 2001-2006.

Owen K R, Dyson S J, Parkin T D H et al. (2008) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Exposure of veterinary personnel to ionising radiation during bone scanning of horses by nuclear scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium methylene diphosphonate.

Gatherer M E, Faulkner J, Vo&#xfb;te L C (2007) — The Veterinary record

Case Report

Investigations of the reliability of observational gait analysis for the assessment of lameness in horses.

Hewetson M, Christley R M, Hunt I D et al. (2006) — The Veterinary record

Case Report

Are feeding practices associated with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis?

Cohen N D, Toby E, Roussel A J et al. (2006) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

An unusual case of generalized soft-tissue mineralization in a suckling foal.

Estepa J C, Aguilera-Tejero E, Zafra R et al. (2006) — Veterinary pathology

Case Report

Concentration of methylprednisolone in the centrodistal joint after administration of methylprednisolone acetate in the tarsometatarsal joint.

Serena A, Schumacher J, Schramme M C et al. (2005) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Severe carpometacarpal osteoarthritis in older Arabian horses.

Malone Erin D, Les Cliff M, Turner Tracy A (2003) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

The effects of local anaesthetic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by distal interphalangeal joint pain.

Schumacher John, Schumacher Jim, Gillette R et al. (2003) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

A comparison of the effects of two volumes of local analgesic solution in the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with lameness caused by solar toe or solar heel pain.

Schumacher J, Schumacher J, de Graves F et al. (2001) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Effects of analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or palmar digital nerves on lameness caused by solar pain in horses.

Schumacher J, Steiger R, Schumacher J et al. (2000) — Veterinary surgery : VS

Case Report

The effect of unilateral resection of segments of both palmar digital arteries on the navicular bone in ponies: an experimental study.

Rijkenhuizen, N&#xe8;meth, Dik et al. (1990) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Keratomas in horses: seven cases (1975-1986).

Lloyd, Peterson, Wheat et al. (1989) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Case Report

The arterial supply of the navicular bone and its variations in navicular disease.

Colles, Hickman (1977) — Equine veterinary journal

Case Report

Riding With Care: A review of factors that influence the welfare of the ridden horse and a case for the application of the precautionary principle in equestrian pursuits.

Caleigh Copelin, K. Merkies (2026) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Demographics and health of U.S. senior horses used in competitions.

Herbst Alisa C, Coleman Michelle C, Macon Erica L et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Effects of a rehabilitative whole-body resistance band wrap on equine gait, posture, cortisol, and muscular function.

Boger Brooke, Naraian Maegha, Hernandez Emily et al. (2025) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Owner-reported health and disease in U.S. senior horses.

Herbst Alisa C, Coleman Michelle C, Macon Erica L et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Osteochondrosis in horses: An overview of genetic and other factors.

Martinez-Saez, Mar&#xed;n-Garc&#xed;a, Llobat (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Descriptive analysis of the use of and preferences for equine veterinary services

O. L. Gibson, E. Adam, C. J. Stowe (2025) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

Prevalence and Perceived Effects of Enrichment Elements in Outdoor Areas on the Behavior and Welfare of Group-Housed Horses

Nicole Miggitsch, C. J. Naydani, Bryony E. Lancaster (2025) — International Journal of Equine Science

Expert Opinion

Equine veterinarians' care priorities regarding vaccination, colic, lameness and pre-purchase scenarios.

Elte, Wolframm, Vernooij et al. (2025) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Factors of Willingness to Pay for Equine Veterinary Services

Olivia Gibson, Shuoli Zhao, C. J. Stowe (2025) — Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics

Expert Opinion

Welfare assessment of stabled horses in five equestrian disciplines.

Jovanovi&#x107; V, Vu&#x10d;ini&#x107; M, Voslarova E et al. (2024) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

“Straight from the Horse’s Mouth”: Equine-Assisted Services Curriculum Development Using Industry-Based Survey Assessment of Horse Welfare and Healthcare Management Practices

Perri Purvis, Carter Hill, M. Nicodemus et al. (2024) — Trends in Higher Education

Expert Opinion

Musculoskeletal Injury and Illness Patterns in British Eventing Horses: A Descriptive Study.

Tranquille Carolyne A, Chojnacka Kate, Murray Rachel C (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Health of Polo Horses.

Schumacher Anton, Gehlen Heidrun (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Presence and size of synovial masses within the navicular bursa correlate well between magnetic resonance imaging and bursoscopy and have a guarded prognosis.

Giorio Maria Elisabetta, Graham Robyn J, Berner Dagmar et al. (2024) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Problems with Congestive Heart Failure and Lameness That Have Increased in Grain-Fed Steers and Heifers.

Grandin Temple (2024) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Exploring the impact of high-energy diets on cattle: Insights into subacute rumen acidosis, insulin resistance, and hoof health.

Palhano, Martins, Lemos et al. (2024) — Journal of dairy science

Expert Opinion

Diagnosis and outcome following tenoscopic surgery of the digital flexor tendon sheath in German sports and pleasure horses.

Cender Andrea N, M&#xe4;hlmann Kathrin, Ehrle Anna et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Transmission and lesion progression of treponeme-associated hoof disease in captive elk (Cervus canadensis).

Robinson Zachary B, Shah Devendra H, Taylor Kyle R et al. (2023) — PloS one

Expert Opinion

Validation of inertial measurement units to detect and predict horse behaviour while stabled.

Anderson Katrina, Morrice-West Ashleigh V, Walmsley Elizabeth A et al. (2023) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Terrain Type Detection for Smart Equine Gait Analysis Systems Using Inertial Sensors and Machine Learning

J. Parmentier, F. S. Bragança, Elin Hernlund et al. (2023) — 2023 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT)

Expert Opinion

Inertial Sensor Technologies-Their Role in Equine Gait Analysis, a Review.

Crecan, Pe&#x219;tean (2023) — Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Expert Opinion

Expert visual assessment strategies for equine lameness examinations in a straight line and circle: A mixed methods study using eye tracking.

S. Starke, S. May (2022) — The Veterinary record

Expert Opinion

Cross-Sectional Questionnaire of Donkey Owners and Farriers Regarding Farriery Practices in the Faisalabad Region of Pakistan.

Khan Raja Zabeeh Ullah, Rosanowski Sarah Margaret, Saleem Waqar et al. (2022) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram

Dyson S. (2022) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

Hoof wall separation disease: A Review.

Finno Carrie J (2022) — Equine veterinary education

Expert Opinion

Kamran Kashif, Akbar Ali, Naseem Mahrukh et al. (2022) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel, a new concept in the medication of equine osteoarthritis: A review.

Tnibar Aziz (2022) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

A Questionnaire Study on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine for Horses in Sweden.

Gilberg Karin, Bergh Anna, Sternberg-Lewerin Susanna (2021) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Equine flexor tendon imaging part 2: Current status and future directions in advanced diagnostic imaging, with focus on the deep digital flexor tendon.

Ehrle Anna, Lilge Svenja, Clegg Peter D et al. (2021) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

How low can we go? Influence of sample rate on equine pelvic displacement calculated from inertial sensor data.

Pfau Thilo, Reilly Patrick (2021) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Interpretation of distal limb nerve blocks in the horse

Findley Judith (2021) — UK-Vet Equine

Expert Opinion

Local anaesthetics for regional and intra‐articular analgesia in the horse

Schumacher J., Boone L. (2021) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

Relationship Between Body Mass and the Hoof Area: Understanding the Turner's Formula.

Souza Anderson Fernando de, Souza Junior Abelino Anacleto de (2021) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Ground Reaction Forces: The Sine Qua Non of Legged Locomotion.

Clayton, Hobbs (2020) — Journal of equine veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Impact of Nutrients on the Hoof Health in Cattle.

Langova Lucie, Novotna Ivana, Nemcova Petra et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Welfare of Free-Roaming Horses: 70 Years of Experience with Konik Polski Breeding in Poland.

G&#xf3;recka-Bruzda Aleksandra, Jaworski Zbigniew, Jaworska Joanna et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Generation of Domains for the Equine Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Outcome Score: Development by Expert Consensus.

Tabor Gillian, Nankervis Kathryn, Fernandes John et al. (2020) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Handling the horse.

Scofield Rose M. (2020) — Solving equine behaviour problems: an equitation science approach

Expert Opinion

Sensor-based equine gait analysis: more than meets the eye?

T. Pfau (2019) — UK-Vet Equine

Expert Opinion

A Case-Series Report on The Use of a Salicylic Acid Bandage as a Non-Antibiotic Treatment for Early Detected, Non-Complicated Interdigital Phlegmon in Dairy Cows.

Persson Ylva, Jansson M&#xf6;rk Marie, Pringle M&#xe4;rit et al. (2019) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

Reliability of equine visual lameness classification as a function of expertise, lameness severity and rater confidence.

Starke Sandra Dorothee, Oosterlinck Maarten (2019) — The Veterinary record

Expert Opinion

Flexion tests within the pre-purchase examination

Burrows Imogen (2019) — Equine Health

Expert Opinion

Reliability of equine visual lameness classification

K. Keegan (2019) — Veterinary Record

Expert Opinion

EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

S. Bosch, F. S. Bragança, M. Marin-Perianu et al. (2018) — Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Expert Opinion

The big picture: equine hoof science and lameness

Jurga Fran (2018) — Equine Health

Expert Opinion

Two Multicenter Surveys on Equine Back-Pain 10 Years a Part.

Riccio Barbara, Fraschetto Claudia, Villanueva Justine et al. (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

Objective pain assessment in horses (2014-2018).

van Loon J P A M, Van Dierendonck M C (2018) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Lameness Evaluation of the Athletic Horse

Davidson Elizabeth J. (2018) — Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

Expert Opinion

International Survey Regarding the Use of Rehabilitation Modalities in Horses.

Wilson Janine M, McKenzie Erica, Duesterdieck-Zellmer Katja (2018) — Frontiers in veterinary science

Expert Opinion

The antimicrobial activity of bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine against equine pathogens: An investigation of 40 bacterial isolates.

Adler D M T, Damborg P, Verwilghen D R (2017) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Clinical and histopathological features of myofibrillar myopathy in Warmblood horses.

Valberg S J, Nicholson A M, Lewis S S et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Clinical study evaluating the accuracy of injecting the distal tarsal joints in the horse.

Seabaugh K A, Selberg K T, Mueller P O E et al. (2017) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Animal-Based Measures to Assess the Welfare of Extensively Managed Ewes.

Munoz Carolina, Campbell Angus, Hemsworth Paul et al. (2017) — Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Expert Opinion

HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Biomechanics of the exercising horse.

Clayton (2017) — Journal of animal science

Expert Opinion

The stability and microbial contamination of bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine used for lameness diagnostics in horses.

Adler D M T, Cornett C, Damborg P et al. (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in horses: Useful for aiding clinical decision making?

T. Pfau, A. Fiske‐Jackson, M. Rhodin (2016) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

First aid for the lame horse

Berryman Nicola (2016) — Equine Health

Expert Opinion

Systematic pain assessment in horses.

de Grauw J C, van Loon J P A M (2016) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Shoeing lameness in the mature horse

Brown Nigel (2016) — Equine Health

Expert Opinion

An Online Survey to Characterise Spending Patterns of Horse Owners and to Quantify the Impact of Equine Lameness on a Pleasure Horse Population

Uprichard K.L., Boden L.A., Marshall J.F. (2014) — Equine Veterinary Journal

Expert Opinion

Pain control in horses: what do we really know?

Sanchez L C, Robertson S A (2014) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis: an emerging disease.

Duncan J S, Angell J W, Carter S D et al. (2014) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Development and validation of an equine nerve block simulator to supplement practical skills training in undergraduate veterinary students.

Gunning P, Smith A, Fox V et al. (2013) — The Veterinary record

Expert Opinion

Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for the Horse

Morton Alison (2013) — EDIS

Expert Opinion

The biomechanics of the equine foot as it pertains to farriery.

Eliashar (2013) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and histological findings in the navicular bone of horses with foot pain.

Dyson, Blunden, Murray (2013) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The horse-saddle-rider interaction.

Greve, Dyson (2013) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Short-term temporal alterations in magnetic resonance signal occur in primary lesions identified in the deep digital flexor tendon of the equine digit.

Milner P I, Sidwell S, Talbot A M et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Use of ethanol in the treatment of distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis: 24 cases.

Lamas L P, Edmonds J, Hodge W et al. (2012) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

A fresh look at white line disease

O'Grady S. E. (2011) — Equine Veterinary Education

Expert Opinion

Retrospective study of scintigraphic and radiological findings in 21 cases of enostosis-like lesions in horses.

O'Neill H D, Bladon B M (2011) — The Veterinary record

Expert Opinion

Lameness Wetlab

Osterstock Jason B. (2010) — American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings

Expert Opinion

Hoof Cracks and Wall Defects

G. K. Carter, J. Maki (2010)

Expert Opinion

Basic farriery for the performance horse.

O'Grady (2008) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Skeletal scintigraphy in the horse: current indications and validity as a diagnostic test.

Archer D C, Boswell J C, Voute L C et al. (2007) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and histology of the suspensory ligament origin: a comparative study of normal anatomy of warmblood horses.

Bischofberger A S, Konar M, Ohlerth S et al. (2006) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The intra- and inter-assessor reliability of measurement of functional outcome by lameness scoring in horses.

Fuller Catherine J, Bladon Bruce M, Driver Adam J et al. (2006) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Time domain characteristics of hoof-ground interaction at the onset of stance phase.

Burn J F (2006) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Complete and partial hoof wall resection for keratoma removal: post operative complications and final outcome in 26 horses (1994-2004).

Boys Smith, Clegg, Hughes et al. (2006) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Arthroscopic debridement of subchondral bone cysts in the distal phalanx of 11 horses (1994-2000).

Story M R, Bramlage L R (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Development of a 3D model of the equine distal forelimb and of a GRF shoe for noninvasive determination of in vivo tendon and ligament loads and strains.

Rollot Y, Lecuyer E, Chateau H et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Effect of anaesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on proximal interphalangeal joint pain in the horse.

Schumacher J, Livesey L, DeGraves F J et al. (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Clinical significance of ossification of the cartilages of the front feet based on nuclear bone scintigraphy, radiography and lameness examinations in 21 Finnhorses.

Ruohoniemi, M&#xe4;kel&#xe4;, Eskonen (2004) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

Proper physiologic horseshoeing.

O'Grady, Poupard (2003) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Hoof capsule distortion: understanding the mechanisms as a basis for rational management

Redden Ric F (2003) — Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

Expert Opinion

The role of thermography in the management of equine lameness.

Eddy A L, Van Hoogmoed L M, Snyder J R (2001) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

Methods, applications and limitations of gait analysis in horses.

Barrey (1999) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Expert Opinion

The arterial shift features in the equine proximal sesamoid bone.

Cornelissen, Rijkenhuizen, Barneveld (1997) — The veterinary quarterly

Expert Opinion

Effects of ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on chronic hoof pain and lameness in the horse.

Owens, Kamerling, Stanton et al. (1996) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: radiological features.

Wright (1994) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The use of sports medicine techniques in evaluating the problem equine athlete.

Seeherman, Morris, O'Callaghan (1990) — The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Expert Opinion

Necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx in horses: 16 cases (1970-1985).

Honnas, Ragle, Meagher (1989) — Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Expert Opinion

Guidelines for the future of equine locomotion research.

Leach, Crawford (1983) — Equine veterinary journal

Expert Opinion

The balance of the horses foot

Ware, R. — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis

Problems encountered when shoeing shire horses for showing

Davison — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis

End-to-End Horse Gait Classification in Uncontrolled Environments Using Inertial Sensors

Mahaut Gérard, S. Hanne-Poujade, Guillaume Dubois et al. (2025) — IEEE Access

Thesis

Cytotoxicity of local anaesthetics and protective effects of platelet rich plasma on equine tenocytes: An in vitro study.

Tognoloni Alessia, Pellegrini Martina, Di Salvo Alessandra et al. (2024) — Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

Thesis

An Instrumented Equine Shoe for Kinetic Gait Analysis

Alanna Devolin, Ifaz T Haider, Olivia Kenny et al. (2023) — 2023 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS)

Thesis

Evaluating the shoeing and associated hoof problems of household cavalry horses

Bell (1993) — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis

Pre-navicular syndrome

Caldwell, M. (1987) — FWCF Fellowship Thesis

Thesis